• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2023

We designed a catadioptric objective lens with a 0.6 numerical aperture (NA) for semiconductor inspection at 193 nm. The objective lens meets major requirements such as a spatial resolution of 200 nm and a field of view (FOV) of 0.15 mm or more. We selected a wavelength of 266 nm for autofocus based on the availability of the light source. First, we built the objective lenses of three lens groups: a focusing lens group, a field-lens group, and an NA conversion group. In particular, the NA conversion group is a group of catadioptric lenses that convert the numerical aperture of the beam focused by the prior groups to the required value, i.e., 0.6. The last design comprises 11 optical elements with root-mean-squared (RMS) wavefront aberrations less than λ/80 over the entire field of view. We also achieved the athermalization of the objective lens with focus-shift alone satisfying the performance of RMS wavefront aberration below λ/30 at a temperature range of 20 ± 1.2 ℃.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.525-549
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• 2022

The process of biological invasion is led by the dynamics of a population as a demographic and evolutionary unit. Spatial structure can affect the population dynamics, and it is worth being considered in research on biological invasion which is always accompanied by dispersal. Metapopulation theory is a representative approach to spatially structured populations, which is chiefly applied in the field of ecology and evolutionary biology despite the controversy about its definition. In this study, metapopulation was considered as a spatially structured population that includes at least one subpopulation with significant extinction probability. The early phase of the invasion is suitable to be analyzed in aspects of the metapopulation concept because the introduced population usually has a high extinction probability, and their ecological·genetic traits determining the invasiveness can be affected by the metapopulation structure. Although it is important in the explanation of the prediction of the invasion probability, the metapopulation concept is rarely used in ecological research about biological invasion in Korea. It is expected that applying the metapopulation theory can supply a more detailed investigation of the invasion process at the population level, which is relatively inadequate in Korea. In this study, a framework dividing the invasive metapopulation into long- and middle-distance scales by the relative distance of movement to the natural dispersal range of species is proposed to easily analyze the effect of a metapopulation in real cases. Increased understanding of the mechanisms underlying invasions and improved prediction of future invasion risk are expected with the metapopulation concept and this framework.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2022

The importance of disaster management and response is emerging as various disasters such as COVID-19, torrential rains, and fires occur one after another. In addition, in order to respond efficiently throughout disaster response activities, it is necessary to quickly collect disaster site information and quickly check the site situation through photo and video information so that rapid disaster response can be achieved. In this study, essential information required for decision-making was derived by analyzing the essential activities of each disaster response stage, analyzing the crisis management standard manual and related laws for each disaster type, and daily comprehensive report. In addition, a list of information necessary to grasp the situation of the disaster site and grasp the status of real-time damage was derived to establish guidelines for collecting volatile disaster site information, and disaster situation information can be efficiently displayed through a spatial information-based display system. By presenting essential disaster management information to be collected first, the person in charge of collecting information can efficiently collect information, and the situation room in charge of disaster response decision-making is expected to enable more efficient disaster situation management by receiving only the necessary information.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.24
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• pp.321-332
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• 2016

As functions of public library has become diversified, proper environment color plan enhancing a supporting environment of user based on a function of public library should be achieved by utilizing space chromatics which is a psychological environmental factor. Therefore, public library's color environment of each space functions should be understood and the foundation of color plan enhancing supporting environment of user should also be established under the premise that public library color environment which supports integrated functions to every local residents by meeting functional roles of library. As functions of public library expands, this study has its purpose to analyze color environment characteristics by mainly focusing on library of Busan region to study color environment supporting function of each space. Through a literature research, function and role of color, environment color have considered, and through a preceding research analysis on public library's present condition analysis and tendency of library color preference, theoretical background on library color environment has deducted. By researching present condition of environment color application at 9 public libraries located at Busan, the environment color characteristics of library has deducted through an image adjective analysis using color system, coloration analysis, IRI(Image Research Institute) color image scale. This study can be provided as a reference data for environment color plan based on spatial function to enhance supporting environment of public library user, and it is expected to utilize in the library facility plan which has been diversified.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.107-122
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• 2023

This study aims to analyze the effect of reducing air pollutant emissions of the ship fuel oil sulfur content regulation policy, which has been gradually introduced for three years. In addition, the emission reduction effect of VSR and AMP was also analyzed. The analysis was conducted on NOx, CO, VOC, SOx, TSP, PM10, and PM2.5, which are provided by EEA, and the spatial scope of the analysis was conducted on Incheon Port, which is located in the metropolitan area of Korea and has a large ripple effect on air pollution. Three scenarios were constructed for analysis. Scenario 1: If there is no policy, Scenario 2: If only fuel oil sulfur content regulation was implemented, Scenario 3: The analysis was conducted by reflecting fuel oil sulfur content regulation, VSR, and AMP. As a result of the analysis, in the case of scenario 1, 4,801 tons, 4,932 tons, and 5,144 tons of air pollutants were emitted during the three-year period. In Scenario 2, 4,219 tons, 4,152 tons, and 3,989 tons were discharged, and in Scenario 3, 4,198 tons, 4,138 tons, and 3,973 tons were discharged. The findings of this study are anticipated to be applied as fundamental research in port air environment management and Incheon Metropolitan City air management.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.556-576
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• 2023

This study attempted to find a way to utilize idle spaces in rural areas as a way to respond to rural extinction. Based on the keywords "startup," "youth start-up," and "youth start-up+rural," start-up+rural," the study sought to identify the perception of idle facilities in rural areas through the keywords "Idle facilities" and "closed schools." The study presented basic data for policy direction and plan search by reviewing frequency analysis, major keyword analysis, network analysis, emotional analysis, and domestic and foreign cases. As a result of the analysis, first, it was found that idle facilities and school closures are acting importantly as factors for regional regeneration. Second, in the case of youth startups in rural areas, it was found that not only education on agriculture but also problems for residence should be solved together. Third, in the case of young people, it was confirmed that it was necessary to establish digital utilization for agriculture by actively starting a business using digital. Finally, in order to attract young people and revitalize the region through best practices at home and abroad, policy measures that can serve as various platforms such as culture and education as well as startups should be presented in connection with local residents. These results are significant in that they presented implications for youth start-ups in rural areas by reviewing start-up recognition for the influx of young people as one of the alternatives for the use of idle facilities and regional regeneration, and if additional solutions are presented through field surveys, they can be used to set policy goals that fit the reality.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.47-62
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• 2023

Using the dynamic panel model, this study investigates rent determinants for small and medium-sized office buildings in Korea's CBD and Gangnam areas, key business districts. The results reveal that rents for small and medium-sized office buildings in CBD and Gangnam areas are influenced by macroeconomic fluctuations and characteristics of buildings and locations, suggesting a market with both spatial consumer and investment goods attributes. There are several investment implications as follows. First, even if the location in the CBD area is advantageous, the practical limitations in renovating aging small and medium-sized office buildings must be taken into account when investing. Second, parking conditions are a key factor influencing rent prices in CBD areas, so evaluating the parking facilities and improvement potential of small and medium-sized office buildings is essential for investors. Finally, due to the high sensitivity of Gangnam's small and medium-sized office market to macroeconomic trends, it's vital to prioritize monetary policy shifts as a key factor in investment decisions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.173-187
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• 2023

In an era of population decline, depopulated regions facing challenges in attracting inbound population migration must enhance urban vitality through the attraction of living populations. This study focuses on Busan, a city experiencing population decline, comparing the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of registered residents and living populations in various administrative districts (Eup-Myeon-Dong) using mobile communication big data. Administrative districts are typified based on population change patterns, and regional characteristics are analyzed using indicators related to urban decline and vitality. Spatiotemporal distribution analysis reveals generally similar density patterns between registered residents and living populations; however, a distinctive feature is observed in the city center areas where the density of registered residents is low, while the density of living populations is high. Divergent trends in spatial patterns of change between registered residents and living populations show clusters of registered population decline in low-density areas and clusters of living population decline in high-density areas. Areas adjacent to declining living populations exhibit large clusters of population changes, indicating a spillover effect from high-density to neighboring areas. Typification results reveal that, even in areas with a decline in registered residents, there is active population influx due to commuting or visiting. These areas sustain an increase in the number of businesses, confirming the presence of industrial and economic growth. However, approximately 47% of administrative districts in Busan are experiencing a decline in both registered residents and living populations, indicating ongoing regional decline. Urgent measures are needed for enhancing urban vitality. The study emphasizes the necessity of utilizing living population data as an urban planning indicator, considering the increasing limit distance of urban activities and growing interregional interaction due to advancements in transportation and communication.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.79-92
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• 2023

With a growing interest in the Han River Skyline, which greatly influences Seoul's image, careful consideration of the skyline form has become crucial in the redevelopment plans for apartment complexes along the Han River. The Seoul Metropolitan City government has lifted the height limitations for apartments along the Hang River to cultivate a vibrant skyline. However, traditional skyline analysis often overlooks specific attributes, limiting the provision of precise guidelines for Seoul's unique skyline plans. Despite advancements in Digital Twin technology, only some tools effectively manage urban skylines with preferred shapes. Hence, this study aims to make a substantial contribution to the advancement of a Digital Twin 3D modeling program capable of effectively managing urban skylines. This is achieved through the utilisation of Conjoint Analysis, which assesses the importance of each attribute in determining the preferred skyline shape. Focusing on Apgujeong apartment complexes along the Han River currently undergoing redevelopment or planned for redevelopment, the study analyses the preferred skyline shape to propose standards for the Digital Twin 3D modeling program development. It also suggests that Conjoint Analysis can be beneficial in this process.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

This study presents a model for educational planning based on user participatory design for the purposes of curriculum development and educational space innovation. It reviewed previous research and practices related to educational space innovation, educational planning processes, and user participation design and suggested a draft model. This model was applied in the renovation project of an elementary school, and the problems encountered during the application were reflected upon and used to improve the model. The final model comprises four phases. Phase 1 is an initial exploratory phase foruser participation, where educational planners and users form a shared perspective regarding the future of education. Phase 2 is a needs-analysis phase for the transition to future education, which focuses on setting the overall direction of the school-level curriculum. Phase 3 specifies the direction of future school curricula and identifies needs for educational spaces. Finally, Phase 4 focuses on the interaction between educational and space planners. Based on the above discussion, the study discussed the benefits and limitations of this educational planning model for school space innovation.