• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.151-191
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• 2021

This paper examines what is the content of Gusan's urban identity, represented by the film and how the contents and aspects of this city's identity interact with the structure of the films' discourse. weaves Gunsan and Seoul into continuously reorganized cities based on an interactive relation, rather than literal ones. Seoul in which the time for a film narrative is closed is converted into the starting point for tour to Gunsan. The both points in which audiences' ex post return occurs are the starting point for the time for the film discourse and the other point in which the title is suggested. The journey-type of the narrative structure in this film is a3-dimensional spiral-shaped, rather than a 2-dimensional circular regression. embodies the characteristics and the identity and apriority of two cities, based on such a spiral-shaped temporal and spatial structure. Seoul severs the relation between grand narrative/collective memory and small narrative/individual memory as an agnostic one, in other words, it is a city that cuts off cities, relations and memory and rejects the continuity of memory. On the other hand, Gunsan is a city in which both grand and small narrative and collective and individual memory coexist and both split and isolated mind are cured and mutually consoled. It describes Gunsan as the surplus space as a being for others, while expressing its identity as robust and literal thing. The film describes it as the field in which oppositional concepts such as historical interruption and continuity and spatial being for others and originality become 3-dimensional spiral ones, through the reciprocity between the narrative and the discourse structure. This paper has an implication, in that it examines how temporal and spatial relationship constituting the urban identity interacts with the structure of the film narrative.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.289-309
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• 2023

While South Korea's universal healthcare system has garnered attention in public health, the issue of inequality in healthcare service provision among different age groups has incessantly become a significant concern. The focus of this concern is primarily on essential healthcare services, encompassing fundamental aspects of healthcare such as internal medicine, family medicine, and pediatric and adolescent care. This inequality is not limited to differences among age groups (both junior and senior demographics) but also extends to potential disparities in healthcare services based on geographic location, particularly in urban and rural contexts. This paper aims to investigate disparities in primary healthcare service resources in South Korea's evolving economic landscape between 1995 and 2021. We utilize a set of inequality indices with a spatial perspective through geographic cluster analysis. The findings reveal that concerns about inequality have been amplified during various economic events, including the IMF crisis in 1999, the global financial crisis in 2008, and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. These years are identified as significant phases that have contributed to manifesting spatial disparities in primary healthcare provisions, with a particular emphasis on the senior-aged population rather than junior or all population groups. Our findings underscore the pressing need to address the unequal distribution of essential healthcare resources as part of preparedness for potential economic impacts, requiring a comprehensive consideration of the interconnected nature of demographic and spatial dimensions in healthcare services.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.47-58
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• 2023

This study was conducted through reviewing Aspects of Design and Construction in Entrance Space of the World Heritage Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, which is equipped with parking lots, ticket offices, toilets, exhibition halls, information boards, and rest facilities for the convenience of visitors and the purpose of this study was to propose a direction for improvement. The results of the study are as follows: First, the reduced area of Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty was unable to fully accommodate the ritual movement line, and as a result, the location of the entrance space in the current royal tomb was decided to accommodate minimal convenience functions. In the meantime, the entrance space of the royal tombs has been relocated or renovated in order to achieve its integrity as a World Heritage Site, rational arrangement of movement lines and spatial utility. Second, the size of the entrance space ranges from 1,000 square meters in Jeongneung in Seoul to 16,000 square meters in Hongyuneung in Namyangju, and the number of annual users varies greatly from 12,000 in Onneung in Yangju to 410,000 in Seonjeongneung in Seoul. Considering the conditions of the 16 royal tombs, the entrance space should be provided at an appropriate scale, reflecting the surrounding land use and accessibility that affect the influx of users, the size of the site, and the king's awareness and preferences. Third, the location of the parking lot, the presence or absence of an outer courtyard and an internal courtyard bordering the ticket and check offices, and the location of the Historical and Cultural Museum made it possible to know the aspects of entrance space of the Joseon Royal Tombs, where the spatial configuration is determined Fourth, according to the royal tombs, it was found that the entrance space should have essential parking, access control, information, and convenience functions, and that support, exhibition, passage, and recess functions should be optional. At this time, the management office and the Historical and Cultural Center are in charge of support and exhibition functions. The function of passage can be a strategy that provides a sense of entry and the function of recess which has been introduced in only four royal tombs requires an appropriate location and landscape access.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2014

This study was intended to analyze the correlation between the builder's intentions and the colors that are revealed through the analysis of the manifestation of symbolic colors as the signs and symbols that are shown in the traditional space of Soshaewon as one of the representative retreating villa gardens of Chosun Dynasty and the interpretation of the meanings. The research on the traditional colors and the intended background of Soshaewon and so on was conducted by examining the relative literature and the contents as the objects for the empirical analysis were the scenic beauties and spatial elemnts that are shown in the plan of Soshewon and the poems about Soshewon 48 scenes as well as the contents of the poems related to Five Primary Colors that are used based on "the Ideology of Five Elements of the Positive and Negative". Espectially, this study was conducted by dividing the spatial elements shown in Soswaewon broadly into the visual, synesthetic and symbolic & cognitive spaces in order to classify the locations and directions of the spaces and natural objects as the visual space, the seasons, the points of times and the five sensory organs as the synesthetic space and the "Four Moral Begginings" & the "Seven Emotions" of New Confucianism as the symbolic and cognitive space and by analyzing if there are any correlation between the decided intentions and the spatial meanings that are revealed by analyzing the system of five primary colors which are used in each spatial element.7) As a result from the analysis of the colors that are used based on the three spatial components of Soshaewon, it was found that one of Five Primary Colors were used 74 times in total. First, in the visual spatial component, one of the colors was used 18 times in total including 2 times of blue, 1 time of red, 6 times of yellow, 4 times of white and 5 times of black. The fact that yellow symbolizing the source of everything and white symoblizing cleanness and pureness are used relatively more often than blue and red symbolizing nature and life respectively can be interpreted that the builder, Mr. San-bo Yang's intention to build Soshaewon is related to the meaning symbolizing the pure will of the builder who wanted to seclude himself from society rather than to give priority to enjoying nature. Second, in the synesthetic spatial component which are selected from the 48 scenes of Soshaewon, one of Five Primary Colors was used 38 times in total including 11 times of blue, 8 times of red, 4 times of yellow, 5 times of white and 10 times of black. Since blue and red symbolizing nature and life respectively are used more often than yellow and black symbolizing the source of the world and pureness & knowledge respectively, it was interpreted that the builder means to be faithful to the unique basic functions of the retreating villa with which the builder wanted to enjoy his passion for enjoying nature and exploring knowledge even though the builder built the villa garden for the purpose of keeping himself pure while being unstained by the world. Finally, it was analyzed that one of Five Primary Colors was used 18 times in total including 4 times of blue, 5 times of red and 9 times of white in the symbolic and cognitive spatial components of the 48 scenes. Since it was found that white symbolizing the builder's political pureness is used at the same frequency as blue and red symbolizing nature and life respectively are used as a result from the analysis, it was interpreted that the intention of creating Soshaewon was emotionally revealed at the same percentage in the aspects of his political pureness and enjoyment of nature through his poems. Especially, as a result from such 3 kinds of analyses regarding to the frequency of using Five Primary Colors, it was found that the number of times using Five Primary Colors in the synesthetic spatial component was 38 as the highest percentage, around 51% followed by each 18 times as the24.5% respectively in the visual and cognitive & symbolic spatial spaces. Based on such results, it can be interpreted that the builder, Mr. San-bo Yang's intention of creating Soshaewon sympolizes that his intention for enjoying the basic nature and the vitality of nature within the retreating villa garden is hidden at the same proportion as his intention for keeping himself pure from the unrightful world. It was intended to reveal the traditional colors which are hidden in a traditional retreating villa by analyzing the correlation between the symbolic meanings and the spatial components of Soshaewon based on the Five Primary Colors which are originated from the "Ideology of the Five Natural Elements of the Positive and Negative", but it is thought that it is possible to explore whether such a theory can be generally applied to other kinds of retreating villa gardens or not through a study on other retreating villa gardens as other examples in which the builder's apparent pure intentions, such as enjoyment of nature and persuit of study, etc., unlike Soshaewon are hidden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

This study is a basic study to develop standards and foundations for the establishment of traditional Korean gardens and aims to understand the current status of their components and expression methods and identify problems by investigating Korean gardens developed overseas. Nine sites were selected for field surveys and monitoring assessments. The results suggest: Overall, there is a lack of popular generality and temporal characteristics among these gardens, as they are mere reproductions of historical elements. There have also been errors of traditional and experimental interpretations. In terms of design aspects, traditional gardens are primarily compilations of landscape elements and certain ornamental features. In terms of landscape, they tend to be insufficient in parlaying appropriate spatial scales and experiential hierarchies; they also lack considerations of the context of neighbouring landscapes. In terms of guidance and information delivery, there is a worldwide lack, in general, of recognition of Korean gardens, given the broad variety of names attached to them; therefore, name standardization is recommended. In terms of development, management, and use, it is essential that designers suggest plant types, as well as alternatives, that match the characteristics of a given space; a receptive attitude vis-$\grave{a}$-vis the characteristics of their use is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2014

The vigor condition of trees is an important indicator for the management of urban forested area. But difficulties in how to assess the tree vigor condition still remain. Previous efforts were limited in the 1) measurement of single indicator rather than using multiple indices, 2) purpose-oriented measurement such as for air-pollution effect or specific pathological symptom, and 3) ordinal-scale evaluations by field crews 4) despite human errors based on his/her experiences or prior knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a quantitative and objective methodology for assessing tree vigor condition, by measuring multiple modules and building the profile inventory. Furthermore, the possibility and limitations were discussed in terms of schematic frames describing tree vigor condition. The vigor condition of 56 flowering cherry plants in urban park were assessed by in-situ measurements of following eight items; growth of crown(Gc), growth of shoots, individual tree volume(Vol), plant area index, woody area index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content(Lc) and leaf water content(Lw). For validation, these measurements were compared with the ranks of holistic tree vigor condition, which were visually assessed using a 4-point grading scale based on the expert's knowledge. As a result, the measures of each evaluation item successfully highlighted a variety of aspects in tree vigor condition, including the states of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts. The variation in the results depending on evaluated parts was shown within an individual tree, even though the broad agreement among the results was found. The result of correlation analysis between the tested measurements and 4-point visual assessment, demonstrated that the state of water-stressed foliage of the season (Lw) or the development of plant materials since sapling phase (Vol) could be better viewed from the outer appearance of trees than other symptoms. But only based on the visual assessment, it may be difficult to detect the quality of photosynthesis (Lc) or the recent trend in growth of trees (Gc). To make this methodology simplified for the broad-scale application, the tested eight measurements could be integrated into two components by principal component analysis, which was labelled with 'the amount of plant materials' and 'vigor trend', respectively. In addition, the use of these quantitative and multi-scale indicators underlies the importance of assessing various aspects of tree vigor condition, taking into account the response(s) on different time and spatial scale of pressure(s) shown in each evaluated module. Future study should be advanced for various species at diverse developing stages and environment, and the application to wide areas at a periodic manner.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.93-107
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• 2018

The concepts of geotourism and geoparks have emerged due to the paradigm shift in tourism and the increased recognition of geosites and geoheritage as legacies that must be protected and preserved. The number of geoparks designated by UNESCO and national governments is increasing globally. The purpose of this paper is to propose directions for enhancing Jeju Geopark to perform as a geological educational venue. This study reviewed the present conditions of the education and communication, the media, and the facilities of the geopark with respect to the required conditions to be effective for geological education. Data surveys, field surveys, visitor questionnaires, and interviews were conducted to examine the educational and guidance system of the geopark, the physical space configuration, and the operation and management methods. The research process is as follows. First, the study analyzed the status of the education and communication in Jeju Geopark, according to the criteria of the UNESCO GGN, using data acquired from the survey. Second, the study analyzed and evaluated the educational and communication facilities, and media, focusing on four aspects of the geopark: the geo-trail, spatial composition and layout, communicational and educational facilities, and the system and design of signboards. Third, the study assessed the perception and satisfaction of visitors to the geopark. Fourth, the study summarized the potential and limitations of the Jeju Geopark through in-depth interviews. The four analyses showed that enhancements in the exploration environment, communication, media, and operation and management system are all necessary for effective geological education. Based on these results, this study suggests directions for enhancing the geopark in the four following aspects. Management and maintenance must be improved to meet UNESCO criteria, while the improvements in the visiting environment quality, the supplementing of communication and facilities, and enhancements in the organization and system of operation and management also must be taken on.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.719-733
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• 2000

Normally, a digital geologic map can be defined as mappable one whose spatial information with geographic information details and geologic database attribute, recorded in a digital format that is readable by computer. It shows fundamentally two different conceptual perspectives: cartography for digital mapping and analysis for geo-data processing. While, as both aspects basically relate to natural entities and their interpretation of complex features fused with multi-sources, digital geo-data mapping or geologic mapping, it should be distinguished from digital mapping in engineering such as UIS(Urban Infomation System) and AM/FM(Automated Mapping/Facilities Management). Furthermore, according to short-cycled development of GIS(Geographic Information System) software architecture based on IT(Information Technology) and wide expansion of GIS applications' fields, the importance of domain analysis and application model is emphasized at digital geologic informatizaion. In this paper, first terms and concepts of geo-data model with general data modeling aspects are addressed, and then case histories for geo-data modeling and several approaches for data modeling in GIS application fields are discussed. Lastly, tentative conceptual geo-data modeling by using UML(Unified Modeling Language) of OO(Object-oriented) concepts with respect to USGS/AASG geo-data mode is attempted. Through this approach, the main benefits for standardization and implementation lineage with conceptual model in consideration to reusability are expected. Conclusively, it is expected that geo-information system and its architecture by UML is the new coming key approach for the GIS application in geo-sciences.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-114
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• 1996

This paper is the second part of a research which aims to look into the regional development process and the quality of life of Youngnam area. and to suggest a prospect and tasks for the future development of the region. All cities and regions including Youngnam area seem to be involved in a rapidly changing process of conditions for development, because of a recent economic and political transformation in the national and global scale. It can be thus said that, taking such a process into consideration seriously, each city or region needs to establish a long-term prospect and goal, and to set up and practicize its development plan. From this point of view, this paper reconsiders the changing process of conditions for development of Youngnam region, and suggests an alternative development plan. At the first, the changing conditions of regional development are investigated in economic, political, social, cultural and environmental aspects. Secondly, some actual planning practices in this regions are examined and their problems are pointed out. Thirdly, an alternative model for regional development is suggested and development tasks in each aspects are discussed in relation to each other. Finally some regional development strategies are provided in the spatial as well as the sectoral dimision. As a results of this research, it is argued that the development of Youngnam region should pursue both an improvement of socio-cultural and ecological institutions for ensuring humane life of dwellers within the region, and a enforcement of economic and political self-sufficiency in an organic relation between regions and to the whole society. This kind of argument can be applied to every city or region. But it would more significant for Youngnam region, because this region, which once experienced a rapid economic growth but now is fallen into a serious economic stagnation, tends to contrive material plans to redevelop regional economy, while ignoring social plans to improve quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_2
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• pp.1803-1818
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• 2021

As the frequency of drought increases due to climate change, it is very important to have a monitoring system that can accurately determine the situation of widespread drought. However, while ground-based meteorological data has limitations in identifying all the complex droughts in Korea, satellite remote sensing data can be effectively used to identify the spatial characteristics of drought in a wide range of regions and to detect drought. This study attempted to analyze the possibility of using remote sensing data for drought identification in South Korea. In order to monitor various aspects of drought, remote sensing and ground observation data of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, which are major variables affecting drought, were collected. The evaluation of the applicability of remote sensing data was conducted focusing on the comparison with the observation data. First, to evaluate the applicability and accuracy of remote sensing data, the correlations with observation data were analyzed, and drought indices of various aspects were calculated using precipitation and potential evapotranspiration for meteorological drought monitoring. Then, to evaluate the drought monitoring ability of remote sensing data, the drought reproducibility of the past was confirmed using the drought index. Finally, a high-resolution drought map using remote sensing data was prepared to evaluate the possibility of using remote sensing data for actual drought in South Korea. Through the application of remote sensing data, it was judged that it would be possible to identify and understand various drought conditions occurring in all regions of South Korea, including unmeasured watersheds in the future.