References
- Alaimo, L. S., Nosova, B. and Salvati, L., 2023, "Did COVID-19 enlarge spatial disparities in population dynamics? A comparative, multivariate approach for Italy," Quality & Quantity (2023). DOI:10.1007/s11135-023-01686-9
- Anderson, G. V., 1989, "Universal health care coverage in Korea," Health Affairs 8(2), pp.24-34. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.8.2.24
- Borrell, L. N. and Talih, M., 2011, "A symmetrized Theil index measure of health disparities: An example using dental caries in U.S. children and adolescents," Statistics in Medicine 30(3), pp.277-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4114
- Chea, H. and Kim, H., 2020, "Examining spatial disparities of obesity: Residential segregation and the urban-rural divide," The Professional Geographer 72(2), pp.206-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2019.1676800
- Cheng, L., Yang, M., De Vos, J. and Witlox, F., 2020, "Examining geographical accessibility to multi-tier hospital care services for the elderly: a focus on spatial equity," Journal of Transport and Health 19, 100926.
- Costa, R. N. and Perez-Duarte, S., 2019, "Not all inequality measures were created equal. The measurement of wealth inequality, its decompositions, and an application to European household wealth," European Central Bank Statistics Paper Series 31.
- Daniels, N., 2001, "Justice, health, and healthcare," The American Journal of Bioethics 1(2), pp.2-16. https://doi.org/10.1162/152651601300168834
- De Hann, J. and Sturm, J.-E., 2017, "Finance and income inequality: A review and new evidence," European Journal of Political Economy 50, pp.171-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.04.007
- Getis, A. and Ord, J. K., 1992, "The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics," Geographical Analysis 24(3), pp.189-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
- Goda, T., 2018, "The global concentration of wealth," Cambridge Journal of Economics 42(1), pp.95-115. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bex020
- Guindo, L. A., Wagner, M., Baltussen, R., Rindress, D., van Til, J., Kind, P. and Goetghebeur, M. M., 2012, "From efficacy to equity: Literature review of decision criteria for resource allocation and healthcare decisionmaking," Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 10, 9.
- Hawthorne, T. L. and Kwan, M. P., 2012, "Using GIS and perceived distance to understand the unequal geographies of healthcare in lower-income urban neighborhoods," The Geographical Journal 178(1), pp.18-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00411.x
- Hsu, M., Anen, C. and Quartz, S. R., 2008, "The right and the good: Distributive justice and neural encoding of equity and efficiency," Science 320(5879), pp.1092-1095. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153651
- Jeong, H.-S. and Niki, R., 2012, "Divergence in the development of public health insurance in Japan and the Republic of Korea: A multiple-payer versus a single-payer system," International Social Security Review 65(2), pp.51-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.2012.01428.x
- Joo, K., Kim, H., Lee, S. and Min H., 1996, "A comparative study on medical utilization between urban and rural Korea," Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine 29(2), pp.311-330.
- Kim, H., Lee, K., Lee, Y. and Song, Y., 2021, "Restaurants' survival in the era of COVID-19 - A case study of Seoul," Journal of the Korean Geographical Society 56(1), pp.35-51. https://doi.org/10.22776/KGS.2021.56.1.35
- Kreng, V. B. and Yang, C.-T., 2011, "The equality of resource allocation in health care under the National Health Insurance System in Taiwan," Health Policy 100(2-3), pp.203-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.003
- Kwon, S., 2009, "Thirty years of national health insurance in South Korea: Lessons for achieving universal health care coverage," Health Policy and Planning 24(1), pp.63-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn037
- Lee, S. M., 2019, "Essential health care," Journal of the Korean Medical Association 62(4), pp.231-237. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2019.62.4.231
- Liu, D., Kwan, M.-P., Huang, J., Kan, Z., Song, Y. and Li, X., 2022, "Analyzing income-based inequality in transit nodal accessibility," Travel behavior and Society 27, pp.57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.11.005
- Lu, J. R., Leung, G. M., Kwon, S., Tin, K. Y. K., Van Koorslaer, E. and O'Donnell, O., 2007, "Horizontal equity in health care utilization evidence from three high-income Asian economies," Social Science and Medicine 64(1), pp.199-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.033
- Manz, K. M. and Mansmann, U., 2021, "Inequality indices to monitor geographic differences in incidence, mortality and fatality rates over time during the COVID-19 pandemic," PLOS ONE 16(5), e0251366.
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2023, Announcement of essential healthcare support measures, https://www.mohw.go.kr/eng/nw/nw0101vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=1007&MENU_ID=100701&page=5&CONT_SEQ=374922 (last accessed: 2023/09/01).
- Ministry of the Interior and Safety, Local data, https://localdata.go.kr (last accessed: 2022/05/27)
- National Health Insurance Service, 2021, National health insurance statistical yearbook, NHIS.
- Neutens, T., 2015, "Accessibility, equity and health care: Review and research directions for transport geographers," Journal of Transport Geography 43, pp.14-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.12.006
- OECD, 2013, Crisis squeezes income and puts pressure on inequality and poverty. OECD Publishing, Paris.
- O'Malley, A. S., Rich, E. C., Maccarone, A., DesRoches, C. M. and Reid, R. J., 2015, "Disentangling the linkage of primary care features to patient outcomes: A review of current literature, data sources, and measurement needs," Journal of General Internal Medicine 30, pp.576-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3311-9
- Ord, J. K. and Getis, A., 1995, "Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: Distributional issues and an application," Geographical Analysis 27(4), pp.286-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x
- Persad, G., Wertheimer, A. and Emanuel, E., 2009, "Principles for allocation of scarce medical interventions," The Lancet 373(9661), pp.423-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60137-9
- Piketty, T., 2014, Capital in the Twenty-First century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Shi, L., Starfield, B., Politzer, R. and Regan, J., 2002, "Primary care, self-rated health, and reductions in social disparities in health," Health Services Research 37(3), pp.529-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.t01-1-00036
- Song, S. O., Jung, C. H., Song, Y. D., Park, C.-Y., Kwon, H.-S., Cha, B. S., Park, J.-Y., Lee, K.-U., Ko, K. S. and Lee, B.-W., 2014, "Background and data configuration process of a nationwide population-based study using the Korean National Health Insurance System," Diabetes and Metabolism Journal 38, pp.395-403. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.5.395
- Song, Y. and Kim, H., 2015, "Evolution of subway network systems, transport accessibility and change of urban landscape: A longitudinal approach," International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 6(2), pp.53-76. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2015040104
- Statistic Korea, Population statistics, http://kostat.go.kr (last accessed: 2023/07/01)
- Stensrud, M. J. and Valberg, M., 2017, "Inequality in genetic cancer risk suggests bad genes rather than bad luck," Nature Communications 8, 1165.
- Strange, K. C., Miller, W. L. and Etz, R. S., 2023, "The role of primary care in improving population health," Milbank Quarterly 101(S1), pp.795-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12638
- Tao, Z. and Cheng, Y., 2019, "Modelling the spatial accessibility of the elderly to healthcare services in Beijing, China," Environment and Planning B 46(6), pp.1132-1147. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808318755145
- The World Health Organization, 1946, Constitution of the World Health Organization.
- Theil, H., 1967, Economics and information theory. Amsterdam: North Holland.
- Wang, F., 2012, "Measurement, optimization, and impact of health care accessibility: a methodological review," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102(5), pp.1104-1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.657146
- Watanabe, R. and Hashimoto, H., 2012, "Horizontal inequity in healthcare access under the universal coverage in Japan; 1986-2007," Social Science and Medicine 75(8), pp.1372-1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.006
- Waters, H. R., 2000, "Measuring equity in access to health care," Social Science and Medicine 51(4), pp.599-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00003-4
- Ye, H., and Kim, H., 2014, "Measuring spatial health disparity using a network-based accessibility index method in a GIS environment: A case study of Hillsborough County, Florida," International Journal of Geospatial and Environmental Research 1(Article 2).
- Yin, C., He, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, W. and Gao, Y., 2018, "Inequality of public health and its role in spatial accessibility to medical facilities in China," Applied Geography 92, pp.50-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.01.011
- Zhang, T., Xu, Y., Ren, J., Sun, L. and Liu, C., 2017, "Inequality in the distribution of health resources and health services in China: Hospitals versus primary care institutions," International Journal for Equity in Health 16, 42.