• 호스피스학술지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.28-48
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• 2002

The advances of medical technologies have not only prolonged human life span, but also extended suffering period for the patients with incurable medical diseases. Hospice movement was developed to help these patients keep dignity and lives peaceful at the end of their life. Since many patients prefer to spend the last moment of life at home with their family, hospice home care has become very popular worldwide. The purpose of this study for a promotion and development of hospice home care in Korea, and features basic research on medical profession's knowledge and attitudes to hospice home care. This study which was used for the research questionnaires developed by the researcher that were answered by 100 physicians and 127 nurses in a general hospital. Data were collected from April 22, 2002 to May 10, 2002. The SPSS was used to make a comparative analysis of the frequency, percentile, ANOVA, and x2-test. The results of the study were as follows; 1.The medical profession showed high level of knowledge of the definition and philosophy of hospice. However, the physician group of the examinees showed insufficient knowledge of the fact that hospice care includes bereavement care, while the nurse group's response to the same question showed a significant difference(x2=10.752, p=.001). 2.For whom the hospice home care is provided, 95.6% of the respondents showed very high level of knowledge as answering that the incurable terminal illness patients and their families are the beneficiaries of hospice care. The respondents counted nurses, volunteers, pastors, physicians and social workers, consecutively, as hospice care providers. More nurse were positive toward pastors than physicians in regarding as a hospice care provider by a significant difference(x2=11.634, p=.001). 3.For when to referral hospice home care to the patients, only 34.2% answered that patients with less than 6 months of survival time are advised to receive hospice care, reflecting very low level of knowledge. 23.0% of the physicians and 48.0% of the nurses answered that hospice care should be provided when death is imminent, making a significant difference between the two groups(x2=6.413, p=.000). 4.To promote hospice activities, 87.2% pointed out that it is crucial to make general people, including those engaging in the medical field, more aware of hospice. 79.7% answered that a national hospice management should be developed, marking a significant difference between the physician group and nurse group(x2=10.485, p=.001). 5.Advantages of hospice home care are 87.2% responded that patients can have better rest at home receiving hospice home care. Economical merit was brought forward as one of the advantages also, where there was a significant difference between the physicians group and nurse group(x2=7.009, p=.008). 6.The medical professions' attitude to hospice home care are 92.8% of the physicians answered that they would advise incurable terminally ill patients to be discharged from hospital, with 44.3% of them advising the patients to receive hospice home care after leaving the hospital. From the nurses' point of view, 20.9% of the terminally ill patients are being referred to hospice home care after discharge, which makes a significant difference from the physicians' response(x2=19.121, p=.001). 7. 30.6% of physicians have referred terminally ill patients to hospice home care, 75.9% of whom were satisfied with their decision. Those physicians who have never referred their patients to hospice home care either did not know how to do it(66.7%) or were afraid of losing trust by giving the patients an impression of giving up(27.3%). 94.9% of the physicians responded that they would refer their last stage patients to a doctor who is involving palliative care. 8.Only 36.2% of nurses have suggested to physicians that refer the terminally ill patients discharged from the hospital to hospice home care. Once suggested, 95.8% of the physicians have accepted the suggestion. Nurses were reluctant to suggest hospice home care to the physicians, as 48.8% of the nurses said they did not want to. From the result of this study the following conclusion can be drawn, the medical profession's awareness of general hospice care has been increased greatly compared to the results of the previously performed studies. However, this study result also shows that their knowledge of hospice home care is not good enough yet. There is a need for high recommended that medical education institute and develop regular courses on various types of hospice care. Medical field training courses for physicians and nurses will be very helpful as well. It is also important to train hospice experts such as palliative physicians and develop a national hospice management urgently in order to improve the hospice care in Korea.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

가지잎에서 점박이응애의 온도에 따른 발육 특성을 조사한 결과 17, 22, 27, 32, $37^{\circ}C$에서 점박이응애의 사충률은 $27^{\circ}C$를 기준으로 온도가 올라가거나 내려감에 따라 증가하였고, 부화율은 $17^{\circ}C$와 $37^{\circ}C$에서 낮았다. 발육기간은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보이고 $37^{\circ}C$에서 5.3일로 가장 짧고, $17^{\circ}C$에서 25.8일로 가장 길었다. 온도와 발육률의 관계를 직선회귀에 의해 분석한 결과 $r^2$값이 0.88 이상으로 본 실험에서 수행한 온도 $17{\sim}37^{\circ}C$범위에서 점박이응애의 발육은 직선회귀에 부합되었다. 발육영점온도는 전체약충기간이 암컷 $12.5^{\circ}C$, 수컷 $12.8^{\circ}C$이었고, 전체약충기간의 유효적산온도는 암컷 80.5,수컷 74.7일도였다. 성충의 수명과 산란기간은 온도가 올라감에 따라 짧아졌고, 암수의 비교에 있어서 암컷이 수컷에 비해 수명이 길었다. 온도에 따른 산란수는 $27^{\circ}C$에서 141.0개로 가장 많았으며, $37^{\circ}C$에서 78.0개로 가장 적어 온도에 따른 변이가 컸다. 온도에 따른 부화율과 암컷의 비율도 $27^{\circ}C$를 정점으로 온도가 높아지거나 낮아지면 감소하였다. 점박이응애의 $R_o$ (순증가율)는 온도가 $27^{\circ}C$를 정점으로 온도가 높아지거나 낮아지면 감소하였고, $r_m$ (내적자연증가율)은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 같이 높아져 $37^{\circ}C$에서 최고치인 0.5652였으며, ${\lambda}$ (기간증가율)도 온도가 높아짐에 따라 높아졌다. DT (배수기간)와 T (평균세대기간)는 온도가 올라감에 따라 감소하였다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.309-316
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• 2012

다중영상화기술은 진단 및 치료 반응평가의 성능향상을 위하여 활발히 연구되고 있으며 하드웨어의 통합에도 불구하고 기기간의 획득방법의 차이에 따라 영상간의 불일치와 계수부족으로 인하여 정합도를 떨어뜨린다. 이에 본 연구에서는 소동물 PET 리스트모드 데이터의 저장형식을 분석하고 잡음 및 통계적 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 이벤트 데이터를 재추출하여 정량적으로 개선된 PET 영상을 획득하고자 하였다. 소동물 리스트모드 Inveon PET 데이터는 소동물에 37 MBq/0.1 ml를 꼬리정맥에 주사하고 60분 후 10분 동안 정적데이터를 획득하였다. 생체신호와 같이 획득된 리스트모드 데이터형식은 48 비트의 패킷크기로 이루어져 있으며 패킷 내에서는 8 비트의 헤더와 40 비트의 payload 영역으로 나누어져 있다. 사이노그램 생성은 그레이코드로 각 패킷의 순서와 흐름을 평가하고 각 패킷의 순서를 CPU에서 검출기위치 변환과 단순 증가 그리고 비모수 부트스트랩 기법을 이용하여 재추출하여 새로운 사이노그램을 생성하였다. 영상은 3 span과 31 ring difference로 설정하여 생성된 사이노그램은 산란 및 감쇠보정을 고려하지 않고 16부분 집합으로 4회 반복하는 OSEM 2D 알고리즘을 이용하여 재구성하였다. 획득된 PET 데이터의 헤더정보에서의 동시계수의 총수는 1,394만 계수였으며, 리스트-이벤트 데이터의 패킷을 분석한 동시계수의 총수는 1,293만 계수였다. PET 데이터의 단순 증가는 최대값이 1.336에서 1.743으로 향상되었으나 잡음이 같이 증가됨을 확인하였다. PET 데이터 재추출 성능은 순차적인 패킷의 payload 값을 시프트연산을 통해 데이터의 위치를 이동시킴으로써 특정 잡음이 제거되거나 대조도가 향상되는 영상을 획득할 수 있었다. 부트스트랩 재추출 기법은 영상의 잡음과 통계적 특성이 개선된 PET 영상을 제공하여 다중영상화시 정합도를 향상시켜 질환의 조기 진단 성능을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 1998

현미(Sativa oryzae L., 품종 일품)에서의 화랑곡나방(Plodia interpunstella H)의 발육과 생명표와 통계량을 다섯상이한 온도 조건(17, 20, 25, 28, $35\pm$$0.5^{\circ}C$ )에서 조사하였다. 온도에 대한 발육반응은 성 간에 차이가 없었다. 조사 온도범위에서 나방의 발육일수와 성충 수명은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 짧아져서 $17^{\circ}C$에서 각각 $149.9\pm$30.4일과 $38.1\pm$5.6일이었고 $32^{\circ}C$에서 각각 $19.4\pm$5.1일과 $6.9\pm$2.0일이었다. 우화율도 온도가 상승함에 따라 높아져서 $17^{\circ}C$에서 $13.0\pm$6.2%였고 $32^{\circ}C$에서 $49.2\pm$25.6%로 추정되었다. 그러나 부화율은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 $73.8\pm$5.3%로 정점에 도달한 후 다시 감소하여 $25^{\circ}C$를 경계로 이보다 높은 온도에서 부화가 저해되었다. 암컷 당 산란수는 17SIM 28$^{\circ}C$의범위에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 $32^{\circ}C$에서는 유의하게 적어서 산란수와 부화율 간에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 암시하였다. 암컷을 산란은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 우화 2일후로 집중되었다. 순증가율은 $28^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았고 $25^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$의순으로 낮아졌으나 내적 자연증가율은$ 32^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높아 일당 0.065로 추정되었으며 이는 빠른, 높은 우화율, 산란의 우화초기집중에 의한 것으로 생각되었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2009

연구목적: 본 연구는 높은 심미성을 나타내지만 낮은 파절 강도로 인하여 구치부에서의 사용이 제한되고 있는 전부도재 고정성 국소의치의 파절강도를 증가시키기 위한 방법으로, 취성 재료인 도재에 인장강도가 높은 금속선을 삽입하고 물리적, 기계적 성질을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: lithium disilicate(ingot No.200 : IPS Empress 2, Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein)와 0.41 mm 직경의 Ni-Cr 금속선(Alfa Aesar, Johnson Matthey Company, USA)을 사용하여, 금속선의 수와 배열을 달리한 4개의 실험군 시편을 제작하였다. 모든 시편은 폭 4 mm, 두께 2 mm, 길이 15 mm의 직육면체로 제작하였다. 실험군 1, 2, 3은 각각 한 가닥, 두 가닥, 세 가닥의 금속선을 도재 시편의 장축을 따라 배열하였으며, 실험군 4는 세 가닥의 금속선을 도재 시편의 장축에, 다섯 가닥의 금속선을 도재 시편의 횡축에 배열하였다. 대조군에는 금속선을 삽입하지 않았으며, 대조군 및 각각의 실험군의 시편은 각 군당 12개로 하였다. 결과: 만능 시험기(Z020, Zwick, Germany)를 이용하여 파절시점까지 하중을 가한 후, 굴곡계수, 굴곡강도, 파절시점까지의 변형률, 파괴인성을 측정하였다. 파절된 시편의 도재와 금속선의 계면을 횡절단 및 연마하여 주사전자현미경(JSM-6360, JEOL, Japan)으로 100배상에서 관찰하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 도재에 금속선을 삽입한 결과, 금속선을 삽입하지 않은 대조군에 비해 통계적 유의성 있는 굴곡계수 및 굴곡강도의 변화는 관찰할 수 없었으나, 변형률의 유의성 있는 증가(P<.001)를 관찰할 수 있었다. 2. 금속선을 삽입한 시편의 파절 양상은 하중점 부위에서 도재만 파절되는 양상을 나타내었다. 3. 금속선을 삽입한 도재의 파절된 시편을 횡절단 및 종절단하여 100 배상에서 주사전자현미경으로 촬영한 결과, 하중 시 도재의 파절 원인이 될 수 있는 도재 내부의 기포는 관찰되지 않았으며, 도재와 금속선 사이의 gap도 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 금속선 삽입의 결과, 취성 재료인 도재의 통계적으로 유의성 있는 변형률의 증가를 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 구치부에서 금속선 강화 도재의 사용을 위해서는 굴곡계수 및 굴곡강도의 향상이 필요하다. 이를 위해서는 추가적 연구가 필요하다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.292-304
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• 1999

The lengthened average span of human life by virtue of recent developments in medicine has caused the Population of elders to increase. The development of modern industrial society has transformed family structure from the large family system to that of a nuclear family. Due to the shift in family structure, the problem of support for the aged has surfaced as a nursing problem as well as a social problem. With regard to this problem, this study aims to investigate the adolescent's understanding of elders and aging. By identifying their understanding and classifying their attitude patterns, this study will help the nursing assessment of the support of elders in the family. This study employed Q-methodology and the research was conducted from December 1998 to May 1999. One method of the research included deep interviews with elders, those who are in their 50's. 40's or 30's. and the adolescent. 183 Q-Populations taken from literary works such as poems or novels were also formed as another method. Finally. 36 Q-cards were made after consultation with Professors of the nursing department. The subjects of the P- sample were 30 high sohoolboys/girls - who were in first, second, and third years. The result showed that 3 factors provided an explanation for 59.14% of the whole variables: the first factor, 41.37%; the second factor. 11.49%, and the third factor. 6.28%. These three factors were analyzed and categorized as three types. Twenty subjects out of the 30 were included in Type 1: Respecting Elders. The statements which showed the most positive consent were as follows: 'The declining age is a perfect time to prosper completing a worthy life' ; 'Getting old. one needs financial stability' and 'Elders wish the best for their children' The statements showing the most negative response were as follows: 'It is better to die than to live as an older person' ; 'Elders are insignificant' ; and 'Getting old is the worst unhappiness that tortures human.' Four subjects were included in Type 2. Resenting Elders. The statements which showed the most positive consent were as follows: 'Aging is a process of dying that nobody can escape from'. 'Elders should be concerned about his health and try to maintain their health' ; and 'When you set older. you regret about the life in the Past.' The statements showing the most negative response were as follows: 'When You get older. You should stand aloof greed and worldly things' 'When You got older, You become generous and gentle' ; and 'When You set he gets old. You change to become a comfortable and warm person.' Six out of 30 subject were included in Type 3 Caring Elders. The statements which showed the most positive consent were as follows: 'Elders should be concerned about his health and try to maintain their health' ; 'Elders wish the best for their children' ; and 'Elders deserve to be treated with filial respects.' The statements showing the most negative response were as follows 'Elders are insignificant' ; 'Elders have freedom and plenty of free time.' and 'Elders are alienated form and drove out of the society.' The above-mentioned results show that most adolescents in Korea recognize aging as the time of fruition and development: it is a time of benefiting and giving back to society. Aging can also be seen as a time of generosity and magnanimity and the time of respect and favorable treatment from society. despite the change of modern society and the ostensible transformation of a family system. Their recognition seems deeply rooted in the traditional confucian values and the dual family system which is Peculiar especially to the Korea - one which maintains both the superficial form of nuclear family and the substantial mode of the enlarged family system. In sum, many Korean adolescents attribute the meaning of the elderly and aging to the type of the respect with the elderly and the type of the elderly's caretaking.

• 한국인구학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1990

This is a study which attempt to analyze changing patierns of economic active popu-lation, t o estimato- future patterns, and exa- mine vartons problems arises by changing c ire u mst ances of t he labor force market in- clunging soici al, economic ic, heathl th and demoi-graph ic aspects. We have constructed series of wotking life table which are useful in syt uiolyioig the lirocess of growth and structural change of labor force. Work i ng life tables represent ihie life eyele of econrmic' activity in hi ypothetical cohorts, that is. gen-erat i on of men Sn bject at eat' b period ot f their lives th given ra to's o mor tali it y and of par-- tici pation in economic activities. The tabloes prot' ide measorues of the alvet'age he ng t able of economically aeti \- e life. and agespecific rates of en trannee' into and retirement from the hahn' force. In const routing working life tables, age-specific activity rates and life tabole popula- titoto which represents contemporary condi-tions of moortality in Korea au'e the basic' maltoerials. We have derived the age-specific rates foorm economically active population survey, whoich were conducted by the Bureau of Statistics, Economic Planning Borard of the Korean government. Working life tables are constructed for men wtable these materi- als in the year of 1970, 1980 and 1988 by a modified Wolfbein-Wool's method. Some of the findings may be summerized as follow : 1) A central part of constructing working life table is calculation of stationary' economic active population, which represents the number of men in the stationtary population extoected to be in the labor force at each age group in the life span. The stationary economic active population by age have generally a universal pattern, where they rise sharply in the early twenties, approach its' peak in the thirties decline thereafter. at first graolually and then more rapidly at an advanced age. Korean men show the same general pa ttern of age distribution of stationary eco-- nomic active population with sharp increase hegining from the age interval of 20 to 24, reaching to maximum level at older age. The population. however, presumably, increased substantially due to increaseing school atte endance rates. Another difference exiSts in the youngest age groups, that is the activity rate in the year of 1988 is lower than that of Japan. The table shows an analysis of changes in the age distrihution of labor force between 1970, 1980 and 1988. 2) It was shown an analysis of changes in the age distribution and cause of separation from labor force. The entrance rate to labor force has increased from 18~\5 persons to 299 persons per 1000 head of stationary population between that of 1980 than that of 1988 for Korean men in 20~24 age group. The entrace rate to labor force shows a rapid entrance appearance concentrated on the 15~24 age group. The separation rate from labor force by retirment in Korea in the year of 1988 shows a great difference of the about four times as much as that of Japan. 3) The functions of table illustrate the patterns of working life of males in Korea in 1970, 1980 and 1988. The average remaining number of economically active years, e at age 15 in 1988 is 46.39 which is 2.12 years of increase compared with that of at age 15 in 1970,1980 and 1988 are 43.90,44.27 and 46.39 respectively, showing steadily increase dur- ing the past double decade the increase in the length of economically active life various age may be considered to have come both from extention of general life expectancy and from increasing entrance rate to economic activity in high age that of working is far greater in 1988 than that of 1980. The gaps between expectation of life and average remaining years of economically active widened due to rapid improvement of mortality level in Ko- rea. This observation together with the population pressure by the appearance of a group of younger population implies that constant increase of economically inactive population among older age group.

• 암석학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.83-115
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• 2013

피션트랙(fission-track: FT) 연대측정 초기단계의 부적합한 연대보정법에 기인한 오류 원인을 정밀진단하고, 중복시료에 의한 재실험과 제타보정법에 의해 최초 보고된 피션트랙(FT) 연대를 재정의한다. 재검토된 FT 저콘연대는 기반암인 유천층군 유문암질-데사이트질응회암의 생성연대를 후기 백악기부터 고제3기 초($78{\pm}4$ Ma부터 $65{\pm}2$ Ma)로 재정의하며, 곡강동유문암질응회암을 전기 에오세($52.1{\pm}2.3$ Ma) 산물로 정의한다. 전기 마이오세 화산암의 경우, 효동리화산암류 상부 데사이트질응회암($21.6{\pm}1.4$ Ma)과 범곡리화산암류 최상부 데사이트 용암($21.3{\pm}2.0$ Ma)의 FT 저콘연대는 각각 어일분지 남부와 와읍분지 중앙부의 상부 범곡리층군의 연대층서를, 그리고 금오리데사이트질응회암($19.8{\pm}1.6$ Ma)의 FT 저콘연대는 장기분지 내 후기 데사이트질 화산활동 시기를 정의한다. 데사이트질암의 FT 저콘연대와 현무암질-안산암질암의 기존 연대자료(대부분 K-Ar 전암, 일부 Ar-Ar)를 기반으로 하여, 한국 동남부의 마이오세 분지의 화산암과 기반암의 층서대비에 길잡이가 될 수 있는 참고연대를 설정 제안한다. 관계화산암의 연대에 기반하여 분지충전 퇴적지층의 퇴적시기도 추정한다. 제안된 참고연대는 마이오세 분지의 복잡한 분지구조와 비교적 짧은 연대범위에도 불구하고 지질층서에 잘 부합된다. 범곡리층군은 어일-와읍분지에서 장기층군보다 하위인 것이 확실하나, 장기분지의 전기 장기층군과 상당부분 중첩 병립되므로, 두 층군을 획일적으로 선후관계로 정의할 수는 없다. 장기분지에서 장기층군 하나로 묶여있는 일련의 지층군은 약 20 Ma를 기준으로 전기(23-20 Ma)의 안산암질-데사이트질암과 후기(20-18 Ma)의 현무암질암으로 뚜렷하게 구분된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.495-509
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• 2003

연구배경 : 호중구에 의해 매개되는 염증반응은 호중구의 수명이 매우 짧기 때문에 대부분 자연 종결된다. 패혈증에서는 이러한 호중구의 아포프토시스가 감소되어 수명이 연장되어 있어서 지속적인 염증반응이 일어나게 된다. 호중구의 수명 연장을 유도하는 많은 염증 매개 물질들이 nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ 전사인자에 의해 조절되기 때문에 이 연구에서는 nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$가 패혈증 환자에서 관찰되는 호중 구의 아포프토시스 억제와 연관이 있을 것으로 가정하였다. 방법 : 건강한 정상인과 패혈증 환자의 호중구를 정맥혈로부터 신선하게 분리하여 실험하였다. 호중구의 아포프토시스는 특징적인 아포프토시스의 형태를 보이는 세포를 광학현미경으로 세거나 Annexin V를 이용한 유세포분석법으로 정량하였다. Nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$의 활성도는 면역형광 엽색법 또는 electrophoretic mobility shift assay로 판단하였다. 항아포프토시스 단백인 X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis의 발현 정도는 western blot으로 평가하였다. 결과 : 패혈증 환자에서 자발적 아포프토시스가 감소되어 있음을 확인하였다. 패혈증 환자의 호중구에 cycloheximide를 처치하였을 때 아포프토시스가 유의하게 증가하여 아포프토시스 감소가 새로운 단백 합성에 의존적임을 관찰하였다. 패혈증 환자의 호중구에서는 정상인과는 달리 기저상태에서도 nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$가 핵 내로 이동되어 활성화되어 있었고 nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$의 활성을 억제하였을 때 아포프토시스의 억제가 반전되었다. 또한 nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$에 의존적인 X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis 단백의 발현 수준이 정상인의 호중구에서는 24시간 동안 배양하면서 점차 감소하였지만 패혈증 환자의 호중구에서는 지속적으로 발현 수준이 유지되었다. 결론 : 패혈증 환자에서 관찰되는 호중구의 아포프토시스 억제에는 nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ 전사인자의 활성화에 의한 생존 단백의 유도가 관여할 것으로 생각하였다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-40
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• 1995

Rheumatoid arthritis is the one of the chronic diseases, one of its major symptoms is a chronic pain. Despite developing medical treatment and surgical techniques, it is suggested that to control the pain is the goal of the treatment. But pain is an inner experience and even those closest to the patient cannot truly observe its progress or share in its suffering. The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine's report on Pain and Disability concluded that there is no objective measure of pain-(exactly) no pain thermometer-nor can there ever be one, because the experience of pain is inseparable from personal perception and social influence such as culture. To explore chronic pain experience is to understand the process and property of the patient's perception of pain through the response to pain, the coping with pain, and the adaptation to pain. Therefore a qualitative study was conducted in order to gain an understanding of pain experience of patients with RA in korea. I used naturalistic inquiry as a research methodology, which had 5 axioms, the first is that realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic, the second is that knower and known are interactive, inseparable, the third is only time and context bound working hypotheses(idiographic statements) are possible, the forth is all entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects and the last is that inquiry is value-bound. Purposive sampling was conducted as a sampling. 20 subjects who experienced pain over 10 years, lived in middle-sized city and big city in Korea, and 17 women and 3 men. The subject's age was from 32 to 62 (average 48.8), all were married, living with their spouse and children, except two-one divorced and the other widow before they became ill. I collected data using In depth structured interview. I had interviews two or three times with each subject, and the interviews were conducted at each subject's home. Each interview lasted about two hours an average. A recording was taken with the consent of the subject. I used inductive data analysis-such as unitizing and categorizing. unitizing is a process of coding, whereby raw data are systematically transformed and aggregated into units. Categorizing is a process wherby previously unitized data are organized into categories that provide descriptive or inferential information about the context or setting from which the units were derived. This process is used constant comparative method. The pain controlling process is composed of behavior of pain control. The behaviors of pain control are rearranging of ADL, hiddening role conflict, balancing treatment, and changing social relation. Rearranging of ADL includes diet management, sleep management, and the adjustment of daily life activities. The subjects try to rearrange their daily activities by modified style of motions, rearranging time span & range of activities, using auxillary facilities, and getting help in order to keep on the pace of daily life. Hiddening role conflict means to reduce conflicts between sick role and their role as a family member. In this process, the subjects use two modes, one is to control the pain complaints, and the other is to internalize the value which is to stay home is good for caring her children and being a good mother. To control pain complaints is done by 'enduring', 'understanding' the other family members, or making them undersood in order to reduce pain. Balancing treatment is composed of two aspects. One is to keep the pain within the endurable level, the other is to keep in touch with medical personnel in order to get the information of treatment and emotional support. Changing social relation is made by information seeking and sharing, formation of mutual support relation, and finally simplification of social relationships. The subjects simplify their social relationships by refraining from relations with someone who makes them physically and psychologically strained. In particular the subjects are apt to avoid contact with in-laws, and the change of relation to in-laws results in lessening the family boundary. In the course of this process, they confront the crisis of family confict result in family dissolution. This crisis is related to the threat of self-existence. Findings from this study contribute to understanding the chronic pain experience. To advance this study, we should compare this result with other cases in different cultural contexts. I think to interpret these results, korean cultural background should be considered. Especially the different family concept, more broader family members and kinship network, and the traditional medical knowledge influences patients' behavior.