• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2023

This study was designed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of soybean meal, soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), rapeseed meal (RSM), pea protein concentrate (PPC), wheat gluten meal (WGM) and wheat flour (WF) for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. A reference diet (RF) was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of olive flounder with 1% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) as an inert indicator. Test diets were prepared to contain 70% RF and 30% of the test ingredient. Olive flounder, averaging 150 ± 8.0 g, was cultured in 400-L fiberglass tanks at a density of 25 fish per tank. Fecal collection columns were attached to each tank. Fecal samples were obtained from triplicate groups of fish for 4 weeks. Dry matter digestibility of SPC (75%) and WGM (76%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Protein digestibility of SPC (85%), PPC (88%) and WGM (89%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients, and protein digestibility of RSM (77%) and WF (76%) was lower than the other ingredients tested. Lipid digestibility of SPC (72%) and SPI (69%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Energy digestibility of SPC (85%) and WGM (82%) were significantly higher than that of others tested ingredients. The availability of amino acids in WGM was generally higher than in other plant-feed ingredients. Therefore, SPC and WGM were seems to be efficient as potential protein sources for olive flounder compared to other tested ingredients. Overall, findings of the current study may assist in more efficient and economical formulation of diets using plant feed ingredients for olive flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effectivity of full-fat black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (BSF) and defatted mealworm Tenebrio molitor (MW) larvae meal as a fish meal (FM) substitute in a low-fish meal (LFM) diet for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The LFM diet comprising 45% FM with tankage meal, poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate and wheat gluten was the control diet. Three experimental diets were 10% FM in Con with BSF, MW and a mixture of both at the same ratio (designated as B10, M10 and B5M5, respectively). Four hundred and forty-fourth juvenile P. olivaceus (34.3±0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks (425 L) in three replicate groups per treatment and fed the experimental diets for 15 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, survival, biological indices (condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index), non-specific immune responses (lysozyme, myeloperoxidase) and intestinal histology (villi length and goblet cells) were not significantly affected by treatments. Feed utilization was significantly decreased in M10 compared to the control group. Alanine aminotransferase level was significantly higher in M10 than in the control group. Glucose level was significantly lower in B10 than in the control group. These results suggest that BSF and MW can be used as FM substitutes. However, considering feed conversion ratio and AST level, MW availability is thought to be lower than that of BSF, and feeding fish with a diet containing MW for an extended period is thought to adversely affect fish growth.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2024

This study evaluated the utilization of a low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal and oil as a fish meal (FM) substitute or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at the Jeju fish farm. Two experimental diets replaced FM using animal (tankage, poultry byproduct and tuna byproduct meal) and plant (wheat gluten and soy protein concentrate) protein sources, containing 45% (FM45) and 35% (FM35) of FM, respectively. One experimental diet replaced FM with animal, plant, and BSF meal, fish oil using insect meal and oil (FM35+). After the feeding trial ended, no differences in growth performance, feed utilization, survival and biological indices were observed among all experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol levels in the FM35 and FM35+ groups were significantly higher than that in the FM70 group. The linoleic acid level in the muscle was significantly higher in the fish fed with the FM70 diet than in those fed with the FM45, FM35, and FM35+ diets. Thus, the LFM diet is suitable for juvenile olive flounder farming during six months.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2017

본 연구는 반추동물 사료로서 한국에서 생산된 부존사료자원 15종의 화학적 조성, 소화율 그리고 에너지 가를 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 반추위 그리고 십이지장 캐뉼라가 장착된 거세한우 3두(평균체중 $520{\pm}20.20kg$)를 개별 계류식우사에 공시한 후 14일의 순치기간과 3일간의 시험기간을 두었다. 실험 방법으로는 화학조성 분석법, in situ 나일론백과 모바일백 방법을 이용하였다. 사료 내 화학적 조성을 분석한 결과, 엿밥, 깻묵, 장유박 및 두유박의 조단백질 함량은 30% 이상이었다. In situ 나일론백을 이용한 사료의 분해 특성을 분석한 결과, 비트펄프, 맥주박, 커피박, 엿밥, 수수겨, 임자박, 라면박 및 두유박의 반추위 미분해 단백질 함량은 50% 이상이었다. In situ 모바일백을 이용한 사료 내 가소화 영양소총량(TDN)의 분석은 비트펄프, 맥주박, 막걸리박, 수수겨, 깻묵, 라면박, 미강, 장유박, 비지, 두유박 및 밀기울이 50% 이상인 것으로 관찰되었다. 요약하자면, 상기 부존사료자원은 배합사료 또는 조사료를 대체할 수 있는 훌륭한 사료자원으로서의 높은 잠재적 가치를 가지고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 얻은 부존사료자원의 화학적 조성, 소화율 및 에너지 가를 반추동물 섬유질배합사료 제조를 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고 이를 통해 사료효율 향상, 사료비용 절감 및 환경오염 감소에 기여하고자 한다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.190-193
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• 1977

동방유량(東邦油糧)에서 저변성탈지대두박(低變性脫脂大豆粕)을 공급받아 Soy Protein Isolates(SPI)를 제조(製造)하여 이의 식품학적(食品學的) 특성(特性)을 연구(硏究)한바 있다(Korean J. Food Sci., 9, 123(1977)). 이 SPI의 실제응용성(實際應用性)을 검토(檢討)하고자 12% SPI액(液)을 가열(加熱) gel화(化)시켜 풍건 마쇄한 SPI를 beef patties의 증량제(增量劑)로 사용하였을 때, SPI gel로 30% meat를 대체하여도 관능검사(官能檢査) 결과(結果) 유의성(有意性) 있는 차이(差異)를 나타내지 않았다. 또한 cooking loss도 13.5%(대조구(對照區))에서 2%로 현저히 줄었다. SPI를 milk-Solid-Not-fat(MSNF)와 대체하여 제조한 아이스크림은 관능검사결과(官能檢査結果) texture는 대조구(對照區)과 차이(差異)가 없었으나 향미면(香味面)에서 콩비린내 때문에 전체적(全體的) 품질(品質)이 크게 떨어졌다. 이것은 아이스크림이 향미(香味)가 전체품질(全體品質)에 큰영향을 갖는 그 자체의 특성때문인 것으로 간주된다. 탈지대두박(脫脂大豆粕)에서 추출(抽出)한 분리대두단백(分離大豆蛋白)은 콩비린내 문제만 해결(解決)되면 우수한 식품학적(食品學的) 특성(特性)때문에 동물성(動物性) 단백질(蛋白質)과 대체하여 식품제조시(食品製造時) 첨가제(添加劑)로서 사용이 가능(可能)함을 알았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.869-873
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• 2011

Most medium formulations for improving culture of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) based on protein sources have used enriched media like animal feed such as dried egg yolk, lactalbumin, and liver extract, among other ingredients. Most results, however, showed unstable yields and longer production time. Many of the results do not show the detailed parameters of fermentation. Soy flour, cotton seed flour, corn gluten meal, casein powder, soytone, peptone, casein hydrolysates, and lactalbumin hydrolysate as protein sources were tested to determine the source to support optimal symbiotic bacteria and nematode growth. The protein hydrolysates selected did not improve bacterial cell mass compared with the yeast extract control, but soy flour was the best, showing 75.1% recovery and producing more bacterial cell number ($1.4{\times}10^9$/ml) than all other sources. The highest yield ($1.85{\times}10^5$ IJs/ml), yield coefficient ($1.67{\times}10^6$ IJs/g medium), and productivity ($1.32{\times}10^7$ IJs/l/day) were also achieved at enriched medium with soybean protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1439-1444
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• 2002

An objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing contents of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) from formalin treated soy bean (FSBM) on rumen functions. Four rumen canulated non-lactating cows were randomly allocated to total mixed rations (TMR) containing different proportions of soy bean meal (SBM) and FSBM. Of rumen fermentation characteristics, concentrations of ruminal fluid ammonia and molar proportions of isoacids decreased with increasing contents of RUP in diets (p<0.01). The animals on TMR containing only SBM gained less weight and had smaller rumen volume than those on TMR containing RUP from FSBM (p<0.05). Organic matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in sacco were not different (p>0.05). The density of protozoa particularly small Entodinium sp. in ruminal fluid was higher in animal fed TMR containing SBM:FSBM (34:66) and FSBM than those fed TMR containing SBM:FSBM (66:34) and SBM (p<0.01). Total viable count, and net microbial protein synthesis as indicated by purine derivatives in urine increased with increasing contents of RUP from FSBM (p<0.01). It can be concluded that a reduction in net microbial protein synthesis in the rumen with increasing contents of RUP in the diet can be due to the reduction of preformed protein available for microbial growth as well as an increased turnover rate of microbial cells by predatory activity of protozoa.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.217-228
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• 1990

An ecological study of food and nutrition was conducted among 198 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Songmyun elementary school and Samsong elementary school, located in remote villages of Chungchun-myun, Goisan-gun, Chung Buk Province between July 11 and 16, 1988. The results were summarized as follows. In regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 3.3% of subjects skipped every morning; 15% often skipped; and the others never skipped. The most common reason for skipping a meal was lack of appetite. 6.6% of subjects often skipped an evening meal because of delayed meal preparation by a mother who returned home late. The survey found that 5.1% of subjects skipped a lunch at school. The reasons for skipping lunch were the mother’s being too busy to prepare a boxed lunch; a school bag too heavy to carry for a long distance to school; no adequate side-dishes for the boxed lunch. Growth patterns of those children having poor food habits, were reflected in lower figures in arm circumference and weight for height. The percentage of children having meals with their family on weekdays was 84.7% for breakfast; 85.6% for evening meal. About 7% of subjects had many dislikes and 74.1% had some dislikes in what they ate; 18.9% had good food preferences. There was a strong correlation between appetite or food preferences and anthropometric measurements or nutrient intake. Boiled rice was the predominant dietary staple, and principal sources of protein taken by subjects at home were soy beans and soy products. Regarding the boxed lunch prepared at home, most popular was one with only one kind of side-dish, including kimchee. 43.4% of the side-dishes were prepared with vegetables only. As for between meal snacks, milk and milk products, fruits and breads were popular among the subjects. The survey found that the children liked fruits, yogurt, corn, Chajang noodle; in contrast, lowest preference was for soup made with bones, curried meat with rice, and aromatic vegetables. The survey discovered a local dietary characteristics; 46.2% of the children customarily ate frog meat, an unconventional food.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with a mixture of four protein sources (wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry byproduct meal) in an extruded pellet (EP) diet for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with alternative proteins replacing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of FM. Taurine and betaine were added as attractants in the diets. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: $196{\pm}2g$) were fed the diets to apparent satiation. Over the course of a 6-month feeding trial, there were no significant differences between the groups in growth performance, feed utilization, survival, or villus height. The dry matter and protein digestibility of FM50 diet were significantly lower than those of the control diet at water temperatures below $18.5^{\circ}C$ in months 4 and 6. This is a highly significant first report on FM replacement in an EP diet given to olive flounder over a 6-month-long feeding period. It shows that the proper mixture of protein sources can replace up to 50% of FM in olive flounder EP diets with taurine and betaine supplementation. It also shows that 40% of FM could be safely replaced in EP diets during periods of low water temperature.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.314-319
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• 2010

This study determined the proper inclusion levels of squid liver powder (SLP) - soy protein concentrate (SPC) premix as a fish meal (FM) substitute in the diet for juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). All the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.1 kJ energy $g^{-1}$ diet). Five diets were formulated with SLP-(SPC) replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the FM (SLP $(SPC)_0$, SLP $(SPC)_25$, SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$, and SLP $(SPC)_100$, respectively). Triplicate groups of 12 fish averaging $5.56{\pm}0.10\;g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were fed one of the five experimental diets for 7 weeks. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$ and SLP $(SPC)_100$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ and SLP $(SPC)_25$ were similar. The whole-body crude protein content of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$, and SLP$(SPC)_100$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ and SLP $(SPC)_25$ were similar. The whole-body crude lipid of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$ and SLP $(SPC)_75$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$, SLP $(SPC)_25$ and SLP $(SPC)_100$ were similar. Based on the fish growth performance results obtained from this study, the SLP (SPC) premix can substitute up to 25% of the FM in the diets of juvenile olive flounder.