• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06c
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• pp.88-91
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• 2011

NAND 플래시 메모리는 저전력과 빠른 접근 속도의 특징 때문에 차세대 저장장치로 주목 받고 있다. 특히 플래시 메모리로 만들어진 SSD(solid state disk)는 인터페이스가 기존의 하드디스크와 동일하고 대용량화 되고 있기 때문에 가까운 미래에 다양한 저장시스템의 저장장치로 사용될 것으로 예상된다. 그러나 NAND 플래시메모리 기반 저장장치는 쓰기 전 소거 구조와 같은 독특한 하드웨어 특징을 가지고 있기 때문에 특정 지역에 반복적인 쓰기 요청을 발생하는 B트리를 구축하는 것은 심각한 성능저하를 야기 할 것이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 버퍼를 이용하여 B트리 구축 성능을 개선한 방법들이 제안되었다. 그러나 이러한 기법들은 갑작스러운 전원 차단 시 버퍼에 유지하고 있던 데이터를 모두 유실하기 때문에 고장회복을 위한 추가적인 방법이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 버퍼를 이용한 방법 중 IBSF기법을 기반으로 NAND 플래시 메모리 기반 저장장치에서 고성능의B트리 구축 방법뿐만 아니라 전원 차단시 효율적인 고장회복을 할 수 있는 기법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법은 B트리 변경시 변경 된 정보를 로그에 저장하여 관리한다. 또한 루트노드가 변경될 때 검사점(checkpoint)을 수행한다. 마지막으로 다양한 실험을 통하여 본 논문의 고장회복 성능을 보여준다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2010.06b
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• pp.368-373
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• 2010

플래시 메모리의 집적도가 높아지고 가격이 저렴해 짐에 따라 낸드 플래시 기반의 SSD의 사용이 확산 되고 있다. 플래시 메모리 기반 SSD는 기존의 하드디스크와 비교하여 여러 가지 장점을 가지지만 덮어 쓰기가 불가능한 특성상 쓰기 공간 확보를 위해 가비지 컬렉션이 수행되어야 하는 단점을 가진다. 이러한 단점을 개선하기 위해 다양한 연구들이 제안되었다. 이 중, 운영체제의 페이지 캐시에 대한 연구가 상반된 주장을 보이고 있는 점[11, 12, 13]에 착안하여 실험을 통해 이를 재확인하였다. 실험 결과, 큰 용량의 페이지 캐시가 SSD를 스토리지로 갖는 시스템에서 파일 입출력 성능을 크게 향상시키는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.142-150
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• 2021

Open-channel SSD is a new type of Solid-State Disk (SSD) that improves the garbage collection overhead and write amplification due to physical constraints of NAND flash memory by exposing the internal structure of the SSD to the host. However, the host-level Flash Translation Layer (FTL) provided for open-channel SSDs in the current Linux kernel consumes host memory excessively because it use page-level mapping table to translate logical address to physical address. Therefore, in this paper, we implemente a selective mapping table loading scheme that loads only a currently required part of the mapping table to the mapping table cache from SSD instead of entire mapping table. In addition, to increase the hit ratio of the mapping table cache, filesystem information and mapping table access history are utilized for cache replacement policy. The proposed scheme is implemented in the host-level FTL of the Linux kernel and evaluated using open-channel SSD emulator. According to the evaluation results, we can achieve 80% of I/O performance using the only 32% of memory usage compared to the previous host-level FTL.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2021

NAND flash memory-based SSD needs an internal software, Flash Translation Layer(FTL) to provide traditional block device interface to the host because of its physical constraints, such as erase-before-write and large erase block. However, because useful host-side information cannot be delivered to FTL through the narrow block device interface, SSDs suffer from a variety of problems such as increasing garbage collection overhead, large tail-latency, and unpredictable I/O latency. Otherwise, the new type of SSD, open-channel SSD exposes the internal structure of SSD to the host so that underlying NAND flash memory can be managed directly by the host-level FTL. Especially, I/O data classification by using host-side information can achieve the reduction of garbage collection overhead. In this paper, we propose a new scheme to reduce garbage collection overhead of open-channel SSD by separating the journal from other file data for the journaling filesystem. Because journal has different lifespan with other file data, the Write Amplification Factor (WAF) caused by garbage collection can be reduced. The proposed scheme is implemented by modifying the host-level FTL of Linux and evaluated with both Fio and Filebench. According to the experiment results, the proposed scheme improves I/O performance by 46%~50% while reducing the WAF of open-channel SSDs by more than 33% compared to the previous one.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.348-348
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• 2012

휴대용 저장매체에서부터 solid state disk와 같은 고속 시스템 저장 매체 까지 플래시 메모리의 활용도가 급속도로 커지고 있다. 이에 플래시 메모리에 대한 연구 또한 활발히 진행 되고 있다. 현재 다결정 실리콘을 전하 주입 층으로 사용하는 기존의 플래시 메모리는 20 nm 급 까지 비례 축소되어 활용되고 있다. 하지만 20 nm 이하 크기의 소자에서는 과도한 누설전류와 구동전압의 불안정, 큰 간섭현상으로 인한 성능저하와 같은 많은 문제점에 봉착해 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 FinFET, Vertical 3-dimensional memory, MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory), PRAM(Phase-change Memory)과 같은 차세대 메모리 소자에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 차세대 메모리 구조로 주목 받고 있는 FinFET 구조를 가진 플래시 메모리에서 fin 의 채널영역의 도핑 농도 변화에 의한 20 nm 이하의 게이트 크기를 가지는 소자의 전기적 특성과 프로그램 특성을 3차원 시뮬레이션을 통해 계산하였다. 본 연구에서는 FinFET 구조를 가진 플래시 메모리의 채널이 형성되는 fin의 윗부분도핑농도의 변화에 의한 전기적 특성과 프로그램 특성을 계산하였다. 본 계산에 사용된 구조는 게이트의 크기, 핀의 두께와 높이는 18, 15 그리고 28 nm이다. 기판은 Boron으로 $1{\times}10^{18}cm^{-3}$ 농도로 도핑 하였으며, 소스와 드레인, 다결정 실리콘 게이트는 $1{\times}10^{20}cm^{-3}$ 농도로 Phosphorus로 도핑 하였다. 채널이 형성되는 fin의 윗부분의 도핑농도를 $1{\times}10^{18}cm^{-3}$ 에서 $1{\times}5^{19}cm^{-3}$ 까지 변화 시키면서 각 농도에 대한 프로그램 특성과 전기적 특성을 계산하였다. 전류-전압 곡선과 전자주입 층에 주입되는 전하의 양을 통해 특성을 확인하였고 각 구조에서의 채널과 전자 주입 층의 전자의 농도, 전기장, 전기적 위치 에너지와 공핍 영역의 분포를 통해 분석하였다. 채널의 도핑농도 변화로 인한 fin 영역의 공핍 영역의 분포 변화로 인해 전기적 특성과 프로그램 특성이 변화함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.4997-5006
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• 2010

A flash-memory-based SSDs(Solid State Disks) are one of the best media to support portable and desktop computers' storage devices. Their features include non-volatility, low power consumption, and fast access time for read operations, which are sufficient to present flash memories as major database storage components for desktop and server computers. However, we need to improve traditional storage management schemes based on HDD(Hard Disk Drive) and RAID(Redundant array of independent disks) due to the relatively slow or freezing characteristics of write operations of SSDs, as compared to fast read operations. In order to achieve this goal, we propose a new storage management scheme called Hetero-Mirroring based on traditional HDD mirroring scheme. Hetero-Mirroring-based scheme improves RAID-1 operation performance by balancing write-workloads and delaying write operations to avoid SSD freezing. Our test results show that our scheme significantly reduces the write operation overheads and freezing overheads, and improves the performance of traditional SSD-RAID-1 scheme by 18 percent, and the response time of the scheme by 38 percent.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2449-2456
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• 2013

The column-oriented database storage is a very advanced model for large-volume data analysis systems because of its superior I/O performance. Traditional data storages exploit row-oriented storage where the attributes of a record are placed contiguously in hard disk for fast write operations. However, for search-mostly datawarehouse systems, column-oriented storage has become a more proper model because of its superior read performance. Recently, solid state drive using MLC flash memory is largely recognized as the preferred storage media for high-speed data analysis systems. In this paper, we introduce fast column-oriented data storage model and then propose a new storage management scheme using a cross compressed replication for the high-speed column-oriented datawarehouse system. Our storage management scheme which is based on two MLC SSD achieves superior performance and reliability by the cross replication of the uncompressed segment and the compressed segment under high workloads of CPU and I/O. Based on the results of the performance evaluation, we conclude that our storage management scheme outperforms the traditional scheme in the respect of update throughput and response time of the column segments.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.215-225
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• 2010

The NAND flash memory based SSDs are considered to replace the existing HDDs. To maximize the I/O performance, SSD is composed of several NAND flash memories in parallel. However, to adopt the hybrid mapping scheme in SSD may cause degradation of the I/O performance. In this paper, we propose a new mapping scheme for the SSD called WADPM. WADPM loads only necessary mapping information into RAM and dynamically adjusts the size of mapping information in the RAM. So, WADPM avoids the shortcoming of page-level mapping scheme that requires too large mapping table. Performance evaluation using simulations shows that I/O performance of WADPM is 3.5 times better than the hybrid-mapping scheme and maximum size of mapping table of WADPM is about 50% in comparison with the page-level mapping scheme.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.149-155
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• 2012

SSD is a storage device of having high-performance controller and cache buffer and consists of many NAND flash memories. Because NAND flash memory does not support in-place update, valid pages are invalidated when update and erase operations are issued in file system and then invalid pages are completely deleted via garbage collection. However, garbage collection performs many erase operations of long latency and then it reduces I/O performance and increases wear leveling in SSD. In this paper, we propose a new method of de-duplicating valid data and recycling invalid data. The method de-duplicates valid data and then recycles invalid data so that it improves de-duplication ratio. Due to reducing number of writes and garbage collection, the method could increase I/O performance and decrease wear leveling in SSD. Experimental result shows that it can reduce maximum 20% number of garbage collections and 9% I/O latency than those of general case.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 2013

NAND flash memory (NFM) based storage devices, e.g. Solid State Drive (SSD), are rapidly replacing conventional storage devices, e.g. Hard Disk Drive (HDD). As NAND flash memory technology advances, its specification has evolved to support denser cells and larger pages and blocks. However, efforts to fully understand their impacts on design objectives such as performance, power, and cost for various applications are often neglected. Our research shows this recent trend can adversely affect the design objectives depending on the characteristics of applications. Past works mostly focused on improving the specific design objectives of NFM based systems via various architectural solutions when the specification of NFM is given. Several other works attempted to model and characterize NFM but did not access the system-level impacts of individual parameters. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work that considers the specification of NFM as the design parameters of NAND flash storage devices (NFSDs) and analyzes the characteristics of various synthesized and real traces and their interaction with design parameters. Our research shows that optimizing design parameters depends heavily on the characteristics of applications. The main contribution of this research is to understand the effects of low-level specifications of NFM, e.g. cell type, page size, and block size, on system-level metrics such as performance, cost, and power consumption in various applications with different characteristics, e.g. request length, update ratios, read-and-modify ratios. Experimental results show that the optimized page and block size can achieve up to 15 times better performance than the conventional NFM configuration in various applications. The results can be used to optimize the system-level objectives of a system with specific applications, e.g. embedded systems with NFM chips, or predict the future direction of NFM.