• 에너지공학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2016

연료전지는 전기를 발전하면서 동시에 열도 생산하며, 본 고는 이 두 가지를 함께 이용하는 가정용의 마이크로 연료전지-열병합발전(${\mu}FC$-CHP) 시스템에 관한 조사보고서이다. 열병합발전 시스템을 구성하는 몇 가지 방안 중에서 연료전지는 전기와 열 효율을 합쳐 90%가 넘는 가장 높은 에너지 효율을 갖는 시스템을 구현할 수 있어 유용성이 높다. 연료전지에는 크게 다섯 가지 종류가 있으며, 이 중 가정용 ${\mu}FC$-CHP로 적합한 것은 프로톤교환 막연료전지(PEMFC)와 고체산화물연료전지(SOFC)이다. ${\mu}FC$-CHP시스템은 독립전원으로서 송배전 손실을 줄일 수 있고 전기생산단가를 낮출 수 있으며, 오염물질을 배출하지 않는 친환경 기술이란 점 등의 장점이 많다. 단점은 초기 투자비용이 높다는 점인데, 기술의 발달로 제작 단가를 줄여 이를 해결해나가고 있다. 현재는 일본이 시장을 선점하고 있으나 우리나라도 100만대 보급 계획을 가지고 있고, 정부가 반 정도의 설치보조금을 제공하여 시장을 견인하고 있다. 본 고에서는 이와 함께 연료전지와 열병합발전을 연결하는 기술적 내용 및 각국의 동향을 기술한다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.823-828
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• 2006

One of the main issues of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) is to reduce the operating temperature to $750^{\circ}C$ or less. It has advantages of improving the life of component parts and the long-term stability of a system, so the production cost could be decreased. In order to achieve that, the ohmic and polarization loss of a single cell should be minimized first. This paper presents.to fabricate anode-supported single cells with controlling microstructure as a function of particle size and volume of graphite and NiO-YSZ weight ratio. By means of optimizing the manufactural condition through microstructure analysis and performance evaluation, the single cell which had NiO-YSZ=6:4, graphite volume of 24% and graphite size of $75{\mu}m$ as the anode composition showed a distinguished power density of $510mW/cm^2$ at $650^{\circ}C$ and $810mW/cm^2$ at $700^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.82-85
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• 2010

Recently, thin film processes for oxides and metal deposition, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), have been widely adapted to fabricate solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this paper, we presented two research area of the use of such techniques. Gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) showed high ionic conductivity and could guarantee operation at low temperature. But the electron conductivity at low oxygen partial pressure and the weak mechanical property have been significant problems. To solve these issues, we coated GDC electrolyte with a nano scale yittria-doped stabilized zirconium (YSZ) layer via atomic layer deposition (ALD). We expected that the thin YSZ layer could have functions of electron blocking and preventing ceria from the reduction atmosphere. Yittria-doped barium zirconium (BYZ) has several orders higher proton conductivity than oxide ion conductor as YSZ and also has relatively high chemical stability. The fabrication processes of BYZ is very sophisticated, especially the synthesis of thin-film BYZ. We discussed the detailed fabrication processes of BYZ as well as the deposition of electrode. This paper discusses possible cell structure and process flow to accommodate such films.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.195-198
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• 2010

It has been considered to apply GDC ($Gd_{0.1}Ce_{0.9}O_{1-X}$) for low-temperature SOFC electrolytes because it has higher ionic conductivity than YSZ at low temperature. However, open circuit voltage with using GDC ($Gd_{0.1}Ce_{0.9}O_{1-X}$) electrolyte in SOFCs, becomes lower than using YSZ (8 mol% Yttria stabilized Zirconia) electrolyte because GDC has electronic conductivity. In this work, the effect of changing GDC electrolyte thickness on the open circuit voltage has been investigated. Ni-GDC anode-supported unit cells were fabricated as follows. Mixed NiO-GDC powders were pressed and pre-sintered at $1200^{\circ}C$. And then, GDC electrolyte material was dip-coated on the anode and sintered at $1400^{\circ}C$. Finally the LSCF-GDC cathode material was screen-printed on the electrolyte and sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$. Electrolyte thickness was controlled by the number of dip-coating times. Open circuit voltage was measured depending on electrolyte thickness at $650^{\circ}C$ and found that the thicker GDC electrolyte was, the better OCV was.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.404-411
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• 2012

The reliability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) particularly depends on the high quality of solid oxide electrolytes. The application of thinner electrolytes and multi electrolyte layers requires a more reliable characterization method. Most of the investigations on thin film solid electrolytes have been made for the parallel transport along the interface, which is not however directly related to the fuel cell performance of those electrolytes. In this work an array of ion-blocking metallic Ti/Au microelectrodes with about a $160{\mu}m$ diameter was applied on top of an ultrathin ($1{\mu}m$) yttria-stabilized-zirconia/gadolinium-doped-ceria (YSZ/GDC) heterolayer solid electrolyte in a micro-SOFC prepared by PLD as well as an 8-${\mu}m$ thick YSZ layer by screen printing, to study the transport characteristics in the perpendicular direction relevant for fuel cell operation. While the capacitance variation in the electrode area supported the working principle of the measurement technique, other local variations could be related to the quality of the electrolyte layers and deposited electrode points. While the small electrode size and low temperature measurements increaseed the electrolyte resistances enough for the reliable estimation, the impedance spectra appeared to consist of only a large electrode polarization. Modulus representation distinguished two high frequency responses with resistance magnitude differing by orders of magnitude, which can be ascribed to the gadolinium-doped ceria buffer electrolyte layer with a 200 nm thickness and yttria-stabilized zirconia layer of about $1{\mu}m$. The major impedance response was attributed to the resistance due to electron hole conduction in GDC due to the ion-blocking top electrodes with activation energy of 0.7 eV. The respective conductivity values were obtained by model analysis using empirical Havriliak-Negami elements and by temperature adjustments with respect to the conductivity of the YSZ layers.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.521-530
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• 2017

Improving the microstructure of NiO/YSZ is one of several approaches used to enhance the electrical and mechanical properties of an anode support in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). The aim of the work reported in this paper was to predict the relationship between these microstructural changes and the resulting properties. To this end, modification of the anode microstructure was carried out using different sizes of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) beads as a pore former. The electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of these samples were measured using four-probe DC, and three-point bend-test methods, respectively. Thermal etching followed by high resolution SEM imaging was performed for sintered samples to distinguish between the three phases (NiO, YSZ, and pores). Recently developed image analysis techniques were modified and used to calculate the porosity and the contiguity of different phases of the anode support. Image analysis results were verified by comparison with the porosity values determined from mercury porosimetry measurements. Contiguity of the three phases was then compared with data from electrical and mechanical measurements. A linear relationship was obtained between the contiguity data determined from image analysis, and the electrical and mechanical properties found experimentally. Based upon these relationships we can predict the electrical and mechanical properties of SOFC support from the SEM images.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2011

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have many attractive features for widespread applications in generation systems. Recently, stainless steels have attractive materials for metallic bipolar plate because metallic bipolar plates have many benefits compared to others such as graphite and composite bipolar plates. SOFC operates on high temperature of about $800{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ than other fuel cell systems. Thus, many studies have attempted to reduced the operation temperature of SOFC to about $600{\sim}800^{\circ}C$, which is the intermediate temperature (IT) of SOFC. Low cost and high-temperature corrosion resistance are very important for the practical applications of SOFC in various industries. In this study, two specimens, 304 and 430 stainless steels with and without different pre-surface treatments on the surface were investigated. And, specimens were exposed at high temperature in the box furnace under oxidation atmosphere of $800^{\circ}C$. Oxidation behavior have been investigated with the materials exposed at different times (100 hrs and 400 hrs) by SEM, EDS and XRD. By increasing exposure time, the amount of metal oxide increased in the order like; STS304 < STS430 and As-received < As-polished < Sand-blast specimens.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.685-690
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• 2012

Decalcomania is a new method for SOFCs (solid oxide fuel cells) unit cell fabrication. A tight and dense $5{\mu}m$ Yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) electrolyte layer on anode substrate was fabricated by the decalcomania method. After 8YSZ as the electrolyte starting material was calcined at $1200^{\circ}C$, the particle size was controlled by the attrition mill. The median particle size (D50) of each 8YSZ was $39.6{\mu}m$, $9.30{\mu}m$, $6.35{\mu}m$, and $3.16{\mu}m$, respectively. The anode substrate was coated with decalcomania papers which were made by using 8YSZ with different median particle sizes. In order to investigate the effect of median particle sizes and sintering conditions on the electrolyte density, each sample was sintered for 2, 5 and 10 h, respectively. 8YSZ with a median particle size of $3.16{\mu}m$ which was sintered at $1400^{\circ}C$ for 10 had the highest density. With this 8YSZ, a SOFCs unit cell was manufactured with a $5{\mu}m$ layer by the decalcomania method. Then the unit cell was run at $800^{\circ}C$. The Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) and Maximum power density (MPD) was 1.12 V and $650mW/cm^2$, respectively.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제9권8호
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• pp.792-797
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• 1999

고체 산화물 연료전지의 전해질로 주로 사용되는 8mol.%$Y_2$$O_3$-$ZrO_2$는 전기 전도성은 우수하나 기계적 특성이 좋지 못하므로, 전기적 특성과 기계적 특성이 동시에 우수한 고체산화물 연료전지의 전해질의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 두 가지 요구조건을 충족시키기 위해서 수행되어졌다. 단위전지의 공기극 재료인 LSM(La(sub)0.75Sr(sub)0.25MnO$_3$) 기판과 Si wafer를 기판으로 기계적 성질이 우수한 3mol.%의 YSZ(3-YSZ)와 전기 전도성이 우수한 8mol.%의 YSZ(8-YSZ)를 각각 단층 및 다층 박막의 네 가지 형태로 전자빔 코팅에 의해 전해질 막을 제작하였다. 박막층의 분석결과, 결정조직은 증착된 3-YSZ 박막의 정방정 및 일부 단사정 구조, 8-YSZ 박막은 입방정 구조의 결정성이 나타났다. 단층막 보다 다층막이 낮은 내부 응력을 보였으며, 다층막이 기존의 8-YSZ 단층막의 열처리 전, 후와 비슷한 미세 경도 값을 보였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2010

고체산화물연료전지의 상용화를 위해서 금속지지체형 고체산화물연료전지가 개발되었다. 이 연료전지는 기계적강도를 향상시킨 새로운 개념의 연료전지지만 접합층으로 인해 물질전달률이 감소한다. 본 논문에서는 전산해석을 이용하여 연료극지지체형 고체산화물연료전지와 금속지지체형 고체산화물연료전지의 물질전달율을 비교하고자 한다. 지배방정식, 전기화학반응, 세라믹 물성치 모델이 동시에 해석된다. 그리고 다공성 매질 내부의 물질전달 해석을 위해서 분자확산과 누센확산이 함께 고려된다. 전산해석의 검증을 위해서 실험결과와 해석결과를 비교한다. 금속 지지체형 고체산화물 연료전지의 평균 전류밀도가 연료극지지체형 고체산화물연료전지에 비해 약 23% 감소한다. 그러나 접합층으로 인해 금속지지체형 고체산화물연료전지가 더 균일한 전류밀도 분포를 가진다.