• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1049-1057
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• 2012

The study investigated the biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay of pig slurry supplemented with mixed methanogens and cellulolytic bacteria to improve anaerobic digestion for methane production. For the BMP assay, 7 different microbial supplementation groups consisted of the cultures of mixed methanogens (M), Fibrobacter succinogenes (FS), Ruminococcus flavefaciensn (RF), R. albus (RA), RA+FS, M+RA+FS, and control. The cultures were added in the batch reactors with the increasing dose levels of 1% (0.5 mL), 3% (1.5 mL) and 5% (2.5 mL). Incubation for the BMP assay was carried out for 60 days at $38^{\circ}C$ using anaerobic digestate obtained from an anaerobic digester with pig slurry as inoculum. In results, 5% RF and RA+FS increased total biogas up to 8.1 and 8.4%, respectively, compared with that of control (p<0.05). All 5% microbial culture supplements significantly increased methane production up to 12.1~17.9% compared with that of control (p<0.05). Total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) digestion efficiencies showed no relationship to the increased supplementation levels of microbial cultures. After incubation, pH values in all treatment groups ranged between 7.527 and 7.657 indicating that methanogensis was not inhibited during the incubation. In conclusion, the results indicated that both hydrolysis and methanogenesis stages for methane production in anaerobic batch reactors were influenced by the supplemented microorganisms due to the chemical characteristics of pig slurry, but only the 5% supplementation level of all microbial culture supplements used in the experiment affected methane production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.820-825
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• 2007

Earthworm casting was the natural fertilizer that contained high concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium and of over $10^8$ CFU/ml of microorganisms. Greater than 80% of feed was excreted through the fermentation by the intestinal enzyme, after worm had eaten feeds such as fallen leaves and rotten roots under the ground. Also, the soil structure of casting was known to be very efficient in the aspects of the porosity, the water permeability, and deodorizing activities. In this research, the biofilter packed with a biomedia made of casting and waste polyurethane foam, a binder, which helped to improve the durability and perpetuity of casting, was investigated to degrade malodorous hydrogen sulfide gas. The biomedia had no need of extra supply of nutrients and of microbial inoculations. On the beginning of the operations, it showed 100% removal of hydrogen sulfide gas without lag phase. At SV of 50 $h^{-1}$, hydrogen sulfide gas from the outlet of the biofilter was not detected, when inlet concentration increased to 450 ppmv. After that, removal efficiency decreased as increasing inlet hydrogen sulfide concentration. Hydrogen sulfide removal was maintained at almost 93% until inlet concentration was increased up to 950 ppmv, at which the elimination capacity of $H_2S$ was 61.2 g $S{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}h^{-1}$. Maximum elimination capacity guaranteing 90% removal was 61.2, 65.9, 84.7, 89.4 g $S{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ at SV ranging from 50 $h^{-1}$ to 300 $h^{-1}$, but was 59.3 g $S{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ at SV of 400 $h^{-1}$. The results calculated from Michaelis-Menten equation revealed that $V_m$ increased from 66.04, 88.96, 117.35, 224.15, to 227.54 g $S{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ with increasing space velocity in the range of 50 $h^{-1}$ to 400 $h^{-1}$. However, saturation constant$(K_s)$ decreased from 79.97 ppmv to 64.95 and 65.37 ppmv, and then increased to 127.72 and 157.43 ppmv.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the liquefying efficiency of mixed organic fertilizer in different conditions. The organic fertilizer was composed of sesame oil cake, rice bran, fish meal, ground bone meal etc, and made by fermenting process. It included $23g\;kg^{-1}$, $17.0g\;kg^{-1}$, $23.9g\;kg^{-1}$, $290g\;kg^{-1}$ of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, organic matter, respectively. In one test, the mixed organic fertilizer was added in the proportion of 10% to water 90% and aerated continuously, for 2, 8 hours per day, and not aerated as control. In the other test, ratios of organic fertilizer to water were 5%, 10%, 20% and aerated for 2 hours a day. With the increase of liquefying time, pH, EC and $NH_4-N$ increased without relation to aeration time. After 10 days, liquid organic fertilizer aerated for 2 hours a day contained $634mg\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $68.1mg\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, $453mg\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$, which was not significantly different from 8 hours a day or continuous aeration. Then extraction ratios of inorganic contents were 27.6%, 4.0% and 18.9%, respectively. Continuous aeration resulted in increasing the viable number of aerobic bacteria, spore forming bacteria and fungi in liquefied solution. Higher ratio of organic fertilizer to water increased EC, $NH_4-N$ and other inorganic matter contents, but decreased extraction ratio of nutrients in liquid fertilizer. The liquid organic fertilizer of 20% contained $1,140mg\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $35.4mg\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, $544mg\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$ after 10 days. Then extraction ratios were 24.8%, 2.4% and 13.6%, respectively. The ratio of organic fertilizer to water was positively correlated with only spore forming bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. among microorganisms.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2022

With the wide use of greenhouses, the working hours have been increasing inside the greenhouse for workers. In the closed ventilated greenhouse, the internal environment has less affected to external weather during making a suitable temperature for crop growth. Greenhouse workers are exposed to organic dust including soil dust, pollen, pesticide residues, microorganisms during tillage process, soil grading, fertilizing, and harvesting operations. Therefore, the health status and working environment exposed to workers should be considered inside the greenhouse. It is necessary to secure basic data on particulate matter (PM) concentrations in order to set up dust reduction and health safety plans. To understand the PM concentration of working environment in greenhouse, the PM concnentrations were monitored in the cut-rose and Hallabong greenhouses in terms of PM size, working type, and working period. Compare to no-work (move) period, a significant increase in PM concentration was found during tillage operation in Hallabong greenhouse by 4.94 times on TSP (total suspended particle), 2.71 times on PM-10 (particle size of 10 ㎛ or larger), and 1.53 times on PM-2.5, respectively. During pruning operation in cut-rose greenhouse, TSP concentration was 7.4 times higher and PM-10 concentration was 3.2 times higher than during no-work period. As a result of analysis of PM contribution ratio by particle sizes, it was shown that PM-10 constitute the largest percentage. There was a significant difference in the PM concentration between work and no-work periods, and the concentration of PM during work was significant higher (p < 0.001). It was found that workers were generally exposed to a high level of dust concentration from 2.5 ㎛ to 35.15 ㎛ during tillage operation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.180-193
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• 2022

The East Nine Royal Tombs is a representative place in the Royal Tombs of Joseon (a World Heritage Site). It consists of 1,289 stone artifacts including 979 related stone structures, 310 stone statues, and objects. Most of the stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs are composed of biotite granite, but some tombs are composed of light red granite. As a result of magnetic susceptibility measurement, the average data from Geonwolleung to Mongneung, excluding Hyeolleung, were similar, so it is estimated that stones were obtained from the same quarry. In the case of Sungneung, Sureung, and Gyeongneung, the range of susceptibility measurement is widely distributed. It assumed that the newly produced stones were mixed in the moving and construction process. Also, stones might be gathered from different quarries. As a result of a conservation status investigation, both the mound member and the ridge stone had the highest damage rate due to peeling and granular decomposition according to surface weathering. In the case of surface discoloration, yellowing and soils were found in the burial mound members. Yellowing, blackening, and soil were identified in the ridge stone structures. Bio-degradation is the major factor of deterioration of the East Nine Royal Tombs and the conservation status of the tombs were detected as grades 4 to 5. It seems that it is easy for the environment of the royal tombs to form soil for the microorganisms and fine conditions for continuous moisture. In the case of structures, they are in relatively good condition. As a result of a comprehensive damage rating for each tomb, the overall condition is good, but the Geonwolleung Royal Tomb and Hyeolleung Tomb, which were created in the early period, had relatively high weathering ratings. Stone objects in East Nine Royal Tombs have lost many pieces and gateway members due to surface deterioration. Also, secondary damage is ongoing. Each damage factor of the stone artifacts of the East Nine Royal Tombs combines to cause various and continuous damages. Therefore, it is necessary to establish regular conservation status data of the stone artifacts for efficient management after processing as well as conservation treatment of the royal tombs, and specific management manuals and systems. This study investigated the conservation status of stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs, a World Heritage Site, and systematically classified them to provide priority and necessity for conservation processing. We look forward to establishing a plan for the conservation and management of the East Nine Royal Tombs with this database in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.97-107
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• 2007

The multicolored Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) has been commonly used with biological control agents for control of several kinds of aphids in agroecosystems. Also, environment friendly agricultural materials have been commonly applied in crop fields because the government held down pesticide application and environment friendly agricultures are gradually increased with consumer's desires. The multicolored Asian ladybird beetles may be directly or indirectly under the influence of environment friendly agricultural materials In crop fields. The insecticidal environment friendly agricultural materials (IEFAMs) might be saff against each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle. Fungicidal environment friendly agricultural materials (FEFAMs) had a miner effect to each developmental stage of multicolored Asian ladybird beetle with the exception of FEFAM A. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) C and H might be down the hatching rate of eggs, and EFAMSM A and F had a killing effect to 1st instar of lady beetles. Environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extracts (EFAMPEs) A and D might be suffered effect a deathblow of egg hatching with lady beetles. Otherwise, there was a miner effect to lady beetles with the rest of tested environment friendly agricultural materials.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.535-542
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• 2012

This study was carried out from 2011 to 2012 in order to analyze the cultivation technology system by six organic rice cultivation types in the southern provinces for the purpose of utilizing organic rice farming guidelines. This surveys were conducted by site visit on 8 counties and 115 farms in southern area. Cultivation technology system by six organic rice cultivation types were cultivated by the principle of minimum input or non-input. cropping systems, a mixture of barley and rice, or rice green manure crops were grown. Cultivars were mixture of the local cultivars and Japanese varieties. Soil were managed by a self-manufactured compost, indigenous microorganisms and barley straw without any fertilization. Pest control was mainly practied by purchased eco-friendly organic materials or herbal medication residue and indigenous microbial self-manufactured. Weed was controled by snails and barley straw. In addition, considering the restore of a longtail pitching shrimp and grasshoppers, the fuction of environmental ecology of six organic rice cultivation type proved to be excellent all. Meanwhile, the productivity of the organic farming per 10a were the order of Life and environment > Natural circulation > Stevia > Ji jang > Art and nature > Taepyoung of Farming Methods, but the farmers received prices showed the opposite tendency. Simple profitablity did not show a big difference. But, the productivity of all type of the organic farming were lower then the conventional farming. Finally, If we want to conduct safety and easy farming, we can suggest stevia farming, Natural circulation farming and life and environmental farming out of 6 organic rice cultivation types.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2016

Perchlorate (ClO₄⁻) is an emerging pollutant detected in surface water, soil, and groundwater. Previous studies provided experimental evidence of autotrophic ClO₄⁻ removal with elemental sulfur (S⁰) particles and activated sludge, which are inexpensive and easily available, respectively. In addition, ClO₄⁻ removal efficiency was shown to increase when an enrichment culture was used as an inoculum instead of activated sludge. PCR-DGGE was employed in the present study to investigate the microbial community in the enrichment culture that removed ClO₄⁻ autotrophically. Microorganisms in the enrichment culture showed 99.71% or more ClO₄⁻ removal efficiency after a 7-day incubation when the initial concentration was approximately 120 mg ClO₄⁻/l. Genomic DNA was isolated from the enriched culture and its inoculum (activated sludge), and used for PCR-DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes. Microbial compositions of the enrichment culture and the activated sludge were different, as determined by their different DGGE profiles. The difference in DGGE banding patterns suggests that environmental conditions of the enrichment culture caused a change in the microbial community composition of the inoculated activated sludge. Dominant DGGE bands in the enrichment culture sample were affiliated with the classes β-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes. Further investigation is warranted to reveal the metabolic roles of the dominant populations in the ClO₄⁻ degradation process, along with their isolation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.179-191
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• 2013

This study was conducted to comparatively assess quantitative indicating factor for biomineralization characterizing $CO_2$ mineralization on three type of minerals (i.e., $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$, $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$) in an aqueous solution amended with Bacillus pasteurii or indigenous microorganisms for a S landfill cover soil. For given three types of minerals, $NH_4{^+}$ (urease activity) was released at the highest of 88 mg/L for $MgCl_2$, then 85 mg/L for $CaCl_2$, and the lowest of 42 mg/L for $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$. $CO_2$ gas in the head space was completely removed after 12, 12, and 24 hr for $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$ and $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$, respectively. $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in $CaCl_2$ solution was the quickest and the greatest decreased 92% for 12 hr whereas that in $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$ solution was lower at 85% for 36 hr. $Mg^{2+}$ concentration in $MgCl_2$ was more efficiently decreased at 46% for 48 hr than that of $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$ solution of 38.5% for 72 hr. Regardless of types of minerals or their concentration, pH was changed from 5.5 to 9 by biomineralization being progressed. Microbial activity ($OD_{600}$) was also changed from 0 to 0.6. SEM images indicated that spheroidal and trapezoid shape crystal were formed, which were identified as of $CaCO_3$ (Calcite) and $MgCO_3$ (Magnesite) by X-ray diffraction. In the long run, $NH_4{^+}$ (urease activity), $CO_2$ gas, $OD_{600}$, pH, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ would be suitable for reasonable indicating factor in order to assess the degree of biomineralization efficiency.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.2 s.143
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• pp.227-234
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• 2006

For the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, aphids, American leaf-miners, Encarsia formosa, Aphidius coiemani, Diglyphus isaea, and Dacnusa sibirica were used as biological control factors. Otherwise, many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were also used in the kindly environment friendly farming. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to insect parasitoids as biological control factors, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by using methods and periods with insect parasitoids in the greenhouses. Environment friendly agricultural materials were sprayed to mummies and adults of E. formosa and A. colemani, and adults of Diglyphus isaea and Dacnusa sibirica in laboratory condition. Emergence rates were checked during 12 days after spray to mummies of E. formosa and A. colemani, and survival rates were at 24 and 48 hours after viral test for adult parasitoids, with 10% sugar solution. Emergence rates of E. formosa mummies were inhibited by sprayed the fungicidal environment friendly agricultural material (FEFAM) E and the environment friendly agricultural materials contained molybdenum (EFAMMo) G as 0.4 and 2.7%, respectively. E. formosa adults were not survived in vial for 48hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extract (EFAMPE) J and the EFAMMo C. The environment friendly agricultural materials contained microelements (EFAMMEs) B and EFAMPE H, environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) H, FEFAM A and FEFAM D were recorded low survival rates of E. formosa adults with 6.7, 13.3, 13.3, 20.0 and 20.0, respectively. In case of the spraying environment friendly agricultural materials to mummies of A. colemani there were low emergence rate from mummies to adults as around 20s % with water spraying as control. A. colemani adults were not survived in vial with EFAMMo C. EFAMPE J, EFAMPE F, EFAMPE H, EFAMSM H were recorded low survival rates under 20% as 6.7, 13.3, 13.3 and 13.3, respectively, D. isaea and D. sibirica adults were not survived in vial with EFAMPE J. EFAMMo C was 53.3% of survival rates in 48 hours vial tests. D. isaea and D. sibirica were not affected by environment friendly agricultural materials compared with E. formosa and A. colemani.