• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.656-663
• /
• 2001

본 연구에서는 정상 만기 산모(30명), 조산모(10명) 및 PIH산모가(8명)출산 초기에 분비한 초유시료에서 5종의 다량 무기질(나트륨 칼륨 칼슘, 인, 마그네슘)과 3종의 미 량원소(철분. 아연. 구리)의 농도를 분석하여 재태기간이나 모체의 합병증에 따른 모유의 무기질 함량을 비교하였고 또한 임신기 무기질 섭취 량과 초유의 무기질 함량과의 상관성을 조사하였다 정상 만기 산모의 임신기 영양소 섭취량은 단백질과 인을 제외하고는 권장량에 미치지 못했으며 칼슘, 철분과 아연의 섭취량은 권장량에 크게 미달되었다. 세 그룹 산모들의 임신기 1일 평균 영양소 섭취량을 비교했을 때, 조산모 그룹에서 칼슘을 제외한 모든 영양소의 섭취량이 가장 저조하였으며 이들의 인과 나트륨 섭취량은 정상 만기 산모의 섭취량 보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p < 0.05). PIH 산모의 영양소 섭취량은 정상 만기 산모그룹과 유사하였지만 이들의 임신기 칼슘 섭취량은 1일 평균 500.9mg으로 세 그룹 중 가장 적었다 세 그룹 산모들의 초유내 무기질 함량을 비교한 결과, 조산모 유즙의 칼륨과 인의 농도는 정상만기 산모의 유즙내 농도 보다 유의적으로 낮았으며(p < 0.05) , 반면 조산모와 PIH산모의 유즙내 철분 함량은 정상 만기 산모의 유즙에 서 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p <0.05). 그 외 그룹간 무기질 및 미량원소의 초유내 함량의 유의적 차이는 없었다. 한편 임신기 모체의 무기질 섭취량과 분만 초기에 분비되는 초유의 무기질 함량과의 상관성 분석에서 정상 만기 산모와 조산모 그룹간의 유의성 있는 상관관계가 관찰되지 않았으나 PIH 산모에서는 칼슘 섭취량과 초유의 칼슘 농도 사이에 유의적인 양의 상관성이 나타났다(p <0.05). 이와 같은 결과로부터 조산모 초유의 일부 무기질 함량이 정상 만기 산모 초유에서 보다 낮은 경향이므로 체내 무기질 저장량이 적고 성장속도가 빠른 조산아의 특성을 고려할 때, 조산모 초유의 무기질 영양은 다소 미흡하다고 사료되나 향후 PT의 성숙유에 대한무기질 함량과 조산아의 섭취량 및 성장패턴을 고려한 무기질 영양평가가 요구된다. 한편 PIH산모의 칼슘섭취 부족이나 또는 이들이 분비한 유즙의 높은 철분 함량과 관련하여 PIH산모에 대한 체계적인 무기질 대사 연구가 병행되어야 할 것이다

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status, nutritional status, and nutrient intakes of Korean female elderly who are members of a local church in Seoul, Korea. Methods: The subjects were 59 female who are aged >65 yr. We investigated the nutritional status of the subjects using anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Interview was conducted to obtain the information regarding the health status. We also obtained dietary intake of these subjects to figure out the nutrient intakes. Results: The mean age of the subject was 74.0 yr old. Based on the WHO standard (obesity, body mass index, BMI ${\qeq}25$), we categorized the subjects to the obese and the non obese groups. The number of subjects in the obese group was 34 (57.6%). The mean Diastolic BP (p=.002), BMI (p<.001), waist circumference (p<.001), hip circumference (p<.001), blood level of transferrin (p=.038), and nutrient intakes of calcium (p=.026), potassium (p=.046), folate (p=.038) and vitamin E (p=.031) were higher in the obese group than in the non obese group. The subjects with hypertension was 67.5%. The presence of hypertension was correlated with BMI (p<.05). The number of subjects with hypercholesterolemia was 17 (28.8%). The level of cholesterol was correlated with BMI (p<.05) and wasit/hip ratio (p<.05). Conclusion: The female elderly in our study had higher prevalence of obesity which is a risk factor for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The nutrient intake of high sodium, high cholesterol, and low dietary fiber of these subjects suggests that there is an urgent need to develop an well planned nutritional education program for female elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.531-540
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the status of food and nutrient intakes depending on the types of chronic disease of the elderly at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 299 elderly over the age of 60 (82 men and 217 women); they were grouped by the disease status: normal, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and arthritis patients groups. The dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall and analyzed by CAN-Pro 4.0; they were then compared with the dietary reference intakes for the Korean (KDRIs). In the results of anthropometric data according to chronic disease, the waist circumference of the normal group in males and females was lower than the other groups; in particular, the normal female group showed a lower level of waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI) and body fat % than those of the other groups. The arthritis group showed a higher intake of milk products than the other groups (p < 0.05); consequently, calcium intake was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Vitamin A intake in the arthritis group was significantly higher than the intake in the normal and DM groups (p < 0.01). Normal and arthritis groups showed significantly higher intake of zinc and copper than the CVD group (p < 0.01). In general, about 80% of the subjects in this study revealed insufficient intakes of riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, biotin and potassium, compared with the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). However, sodium intake of all groups was higher than the AI of KDRIs. In conclusion, nutrient intake, according to the chronic disease, showed significant difference in some of the micronutrients, vitamin A, Ca, Zn and Cu. Therefore, we suggest that dietary guidelines, such as reducing the intake of salty foods and sweet drinks and increasing the intake of foods with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C, are necessary to the improvement of eating habits for the elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제51권3호
• /
• pp.254-263
• /
• 2018

본 연구는 유아의 점심 식사장소에 따라 영양소와 식품섭취량에 차이가 있는지를 조사하였다. 제5기 (2010 ~ 2012년) 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 이용하여 개인별 24시간 회상에 의한 식품섭취조사 항목 중에서 점심 식사장소가 유아원/유치원일 경우 보육기관 점심식사군으로, 점심 식사장소가 가정과 이웃집/친척집일 경우 가정 점심식사군으로 나누어 복합표본설계 요소를 반영한 통계분석을 실시하였다. 대상자수는 1~2세에서 보육기관 점심식사군 179명, 가정 점심식사군 367명이었고, 3 ~ 5세에서 보육기관 점심식사군 549명, 가정 점심식사군 225명이었다. 연령군별 하루 총에너지섭취량, 점심과 저녁 식사로부터 에너지 섭취량은 두 집단 간 차이가 없었으나, 아침 에너지섭취비율이 보육기관 점심식사군에서 낮은 반면에 간식 에너지섭취비율은 더 높았다. 3 ~ 5세 유아에서는 나트륨, 칼륨 및 비타민 C 섭취량이 보육기관 점심식사군에서 많았으며, 리보플라빈 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 유의하게 많았다. 점심으로부터 섭취한 식품군을 비교한 결과 1~2세 보육기관 점심식사군에서 채소류 섭취량이 유의하게 많은 반면에 과일류, 난류, 우유류 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 많았다. 3 ~ 5세 보육기관 점심식사군의 점심으로부터 채소류, 두류, 어패류 섭취량이 유의하게 많은 반면에 우유류 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 많았다. 3~5세 유아들이 보육기관 점심으로부터 채소류, 두류, 어패류를 더 많이 섭취하고 칼륨과 비타민 C를 많이 섭취하여 보육기관 점심이 영양소 균형과 식품 다양성 측면에서 가정 점심보다 나은 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 유아의 성장 발육을 위한 적절한 영양 공급은 물론, 올바른 식습관 형성을 위해서 보육기관 급식은 물론, 가정 식사에서도 채소류, 생선류 등 다양한 식재료를 활용하는 노력이 요구된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.603-609
• /
• 2003

This study examined the reproducibility of nutrient intakes estimated by the 24-hour recall method in a prospective cohort study (Longitudinal study of aging and health monitoring of Korean elderly) of middle-aged volunteer subjects (42 males and 49 females) in the Seoul area. The three-day 24-hour recall was administered twice at an interval of approximately 6 months. The first data were collected and a corrective procedure was performed by interviewing of the subjects and a trained dietitian. The second data were collected by mail from the subjects without the performance of any corrective procedure. The mean age of the subjects was 53.5 $\pm$ 9.6 for the males and 52.2 $\pm$ 8.9 for the females. The subjects who had above college education were 95% in the case of the males and 60% in the case of the females. The characteristics of the male subjects in this study were that they were highly educated and held professional jobs and were from the middle or upper class. Comparing the first and second 24-hour recall data, the second data showed relatively lower intakes of all nutrients, except vitamin A, vitamin Bi and cholesterol. There was no difference in the nutrients of the first and the second data with respect to vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ and cholesterol in the males and calcium, iron, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$ and cholesterol in the females. This data may indicate that the 24 hour retail method without a dietitian's help may result in lower reporting of the subject's intakes. The men had a tendency to remember less than the women. Pearson's correlation coefficients with unadjusted nutrient intakes values were ranged from 0.24 to 0.66. When energy intake was adjusted, there was a slight increase (from 0.26 to 0.71). Intra-class correlation coefficients with nutrient-unadjusted values ranged from 0.22 to 0.66, and the energy-adjusted values were ranged from 0.23 to 0.69. The weighted Kappa statistical values ranged from 0.10 to 0.40. On the average,46.3% of the subjects who were found in the lowest quartile of the nutrient intake levels based on the first 24-hour recall, were in the lowest quartile based on the second 24-hour recall. Therefore, there was a low reproducibility between the first and the second 24-hour recall. We should examine the factors influencing low reproducibility. Also, strategies should be developed to maximize the reliability of the assessment, with regard to portion-size training and telephone validation. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 603∼609, 2003)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.717-726
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate health status and nutrient intakes among 5th grade elementary students at Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010. This study was cross-sectional study on 1,384 children (687 boys, 697 girls) from nine elementary schools located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The average height, weight and BMI were 145 cm, 40.6 kg $19.2\;kg/m^2$ for boys and 145.4 cm, 38.2 kg, $18.0\;kg/m^2$ for girls. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 11.3%, 5.2%, respectively. Serum AST, ALT, glucose, HDL-Cholesterol and RBC levels were significantly higher, while TG levels was significantly lower for boys than for girls. The average energy intake was 1772.4 kcal, which was 98.7% of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER). The boys consumed more energy intake (1800.4 kcal) than the girls (1744.7 kcal). Also, they took insufficient calcium and folate (69.1% and 83.3% of Recommended Intake (RI)) and excess sodium (297.6% of Adequate Intake (AI)) and 85.1% of the subjects had breakfast everyday. In general, the proportion of the children who consumed fruits and vegetables at least once or more a day was low. There was a higher proportion of children in boys who had ramyun and milk with sufficient physical activity than those in girls. As a result of this study, we can find risk factors on obesity and metabolic disorders, and the results can be used for an evidence of nutrition education program and the intervention program.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.491-500
• /
• 2004

To assess the quality of nutrient intake by area of Korean adults, a dietary survey with the 3-day record method was obtained from 324 subjects aged 40 years and older but younger than 70 (52.4 $\pm$ 8.7) living in a rural area (Ansung) and suburban area of a middle-sized city (Ansan). The quality of nutrient intake was assessed by analyzing Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR), Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). The average daily mean energy intakes were 1,832 ㎉ for Ansung and 1,842 ㎉ for Ansan, respectively. Daily intakes of fat for Ansung and Ansan subjects were 40.9 and 40.3 g, and those for protein were 75.1 and 73.1 g, respectively. The overall calorie: protein: fat ratio (CPF) of energy intake was 63 : 17 : 20. Daily mean intakes of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, carotene, sodium, thiamin, and niacin were significantly higher in Ansung residents than in Ansan subjects (p < .05). The average intakes of energy, calcium, vitamin A were lower than Recommend Dietary Allowance (RDA) in both areas. Note, over 30% of the study subjects had less than 75% of RDA of calcium, vitamin A and riboflavin. The MAR was higher in Ansung than Ansan residents (0.86 and 0.85, respectively; p < .05). INQs were over 1 for most nutrients except calcium (0.87), and that of calcium and phosphorus was each significantly higher in Ansung than Ansan subjects. Based on these results, nutrient intake quality of subjects aged 40 to 69 years living in the surveyed rural area is comparable to that of semi-industrialized suburban area in Korea. Dietary deficiency in all of calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin, however, was a common problem for both rural and suburban residents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제55권4호
• /
• pp.419-429
• /
• 2022

수분은 인체에서 가장 많은 비율을 차지하는 성분으로 인체의 원활한 생리작용을 위해 필수적인 요소이다. 2013-2017 국민건강영양조사 자료를 근거로 하였을 때 우리나라 사람들의 평균 1일 수분 섭취량은 2,167.3 mL/day이며 그 중 62%가 섭취기준을 충족하지 못하고 있다. 반면 음료 섭취는 계속해서 증가하고 있는 추세다. 수분 섭취기준은 충분섭취량으로 제시되며, 상한섭취량과 만성질환위험감소섭취량은 제시하지 않고 있다. 2015년과 비교해 2020년 수분 충분섭취량은 연령에 따라 소폭 증가하거나 감소되었는데 유아기 1-2세, 남자 6-8세, 9-11세, 여아 6-8세는 100 mL/day씩 감소하였으며, 남자 12-14세는 100 mL/day 증가하였다. 수분 섭취기준으로 제시되는 수분 충분섭취량은 음식 수분 섭취량과 액체 수분 섭취량을 합한 값이며, 액체 수분 섭취량은 물 섭취량 중앙값, 음료 섭취량 중앙값, 우유 섭취량 200 mL/day을 합해서 산출한 수치이다. 이와 같이 수분 섭취기준에는 음식 수분 섭취량도 포함되어 있으므로, 물과 음료의 섭취기준으로 총수분 섭취기준을 적용하는 것은 적절하지 않으며 액체 섭취기준을 적용해야 한다. 그리고 액체 수분을 섭취할 때에는 당류, 카페인 등이 함유된 음료보다 물이나 우유를 섭취하는 것이 바람직하다. 한국인 수분 섭취기준 설정에 있어서 향후 개선하고 보완해야 할 사항으로 한국인 일상식에서 수분 함량비의 정확성 제고, 액체 수분 섭취량에 관한 조사방법 보완, 생애주기별 수분 섭취 실태에 대한 다각적인 검토, 노인기의 생리적 변화와 건강상태 반영, 한국인 대상 수분 섭취와 건강에 관한 연구 활성화와 반영 등을 제안한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.561-572
• /
• 2008

최근 우리나라는 어린이를 중심으로 급격한 식생활 변화(nutrition transition)를 겪고 있으며, 이로 인해 나트륨, 당류, 지방 및 포화지방산의 섭취 증가로 인한 질병 발생 위험이 높아질 것으로 우려되고 있다. 현재의 영양표시가 어린이들이 이해하기에 어려운 측면이 있어 건강에 좋은 식품의 섭취를 진작시키기 어려운 상황이다. 본 연구는 어린이들이 보다 건강에 좋은 식품을 선택하는 정보를 쉽게 제공하기 위하여 어린이 기호식품의 영양위해성분(당, 나트륨 및 지방류)의 함량에 따라 고, 중, 저로 표시하는 영양기준(안)을 설정하는데 목표를 두었다. 국내는 물론 제외국의 영양섭취기준, 영양표시를 위한 일일 영양소 기준치, 영양소함량강조 표시, 영국의 GDA(guideline daily amounts)와 신호등표시제, 식사지침 및 영양소섭취량 자료들을 검토 및 비교하였고, 제외국 어린이의 기호식품과 가공식품의 영양위해성분 영양기준 자료를 수집 및 평가하였다. 이를 바탕으로 하여 어린이 기호식품과 가공식품 중의 영양위해성분을 선정하고 고, 중, 저로 표시하는 영양기준 근거를 마련하였다. 또한 서울지역 11개 중학교와 10개 고등학교 내 판매식품 가공식품에 대한 현황 조사와 1,812명의 청소년을 대상으로 한 섭취실태 조사를 통해 다소비가공식품을 선정하였으며, 145개의 대표 가공식품을 본 연구에서 제안하는 영양기준안에 따라 분류하였다. 그 중 85개가 고지방식품으로 분류된 반면에 11개만이 고나트륨식품으로 분류되었다. 그러나 본 연구에서 제시한 영양기준안과 분량의 기준단위에 대한 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 더 많은 식품들에 대해 시뮬레이션 등의 검토가 필요하며, 산업체 등 이해당사자들의 의견 수렴 과정을 거쳐 현실적인 영양기준안으로 다듬어져야 할 것이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.322-328
• /
• 2011

The aim of this study was to use the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) to assess diet quality and determine the relationship between the HEI-2005 and the energy and nutrient intakes of adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,104 healthy adolescents, mean age of $15.8{\pm}1.24$ years. Dietary intake was measured with the 24-hour dietary recall method, and dietary quality was assessed by means of the HEI-2005. Diet quality scores ranged from 23.7 to 77.5. The mean score was found to be $51.5{\pm}9.07$ according to the HEI-2005. There were no differences according to gender, 42.8% had a poor diet and 57.2% had a diet that needs improvement. No subjects had a "good diet". Lower mean subgroup scores were found for whole grains, total vegetables, total fruits, dairy products, and meat and beans. Fruits and vegetables scores were significantly high in girls, whereas sodium, oil, and meat and beans scores were significantly high in boys. Total HEI-2005 scores were increasingly associated with parental education level when age and gender were adjusted. There was a negative correlation between HEI-2005 scores and age, total energy intake, and fat intake. Positive correlation was only observed in the HEI-2005 scores for protein and dietary fibre intakes. Consequently, the overall diet quality and nutritional habits of Turkish adolescents need modification and improvement. In the family, measures should be initiated by the government, including advertisements and campaigns.