• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.2483-2486
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• 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of tobacco smoking, toombak dipping and alcohol consumption as risk factors for cancer in the adult population of the northern state of Sudan. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey from March to April 2010, covering 963 adults, was performed. Result: Only 207 had responded, and the male female prevalence was 20.8% and 0.73%. Out of 207 respondents, 29.5% had smoked tobacco in their lifetime, 38% were toombak dippers, while 14% were consumers of alcoholic beverages. Conclusions: The prevalence of toombak dipping was higher than tobacco smoking among the adult population in the northern state of Sudan. Female participation in tobacco and alcohol related studies was found to suffer from major obstacles since these habits are considered as social stigma. Appreciation of the full impact of smoking on population health will definitely make a major contribution to improvement of the poor public health situation in Sudan.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1747-1753
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• 2013

Background: It is projected that low and middle-income countries will bear a major burden of tobacco related morbidity and mortality, yet, only limited information is available on the determinants of smoking initiation among youth in Africa. This study aimed to assess the determinants of smoking initiation and susceptibility to future smoking among a population of high school school students in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Baseline data from an intervention study designed to assess the effect of an anti-smoking awareness program on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of adolescents was analyzed. The survey was carried out in six randomly selected public and private secondary schools in local government areas in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 973 students completed self-administered questionnaires on smoking initiation, health related knowledge and attitudes towards smoking, susceptibility to future smoking and other factors associated with smoking. Results: Of the respondents, 9.7% had initiated smoking tobacco products with the predominant form being cigarettes (7.3%). Males (OR: 2.77, 95%CI: 1.65-4.66) and those with more pro-smoking attitudes (OR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.34-1.54) were more likely to have initiated smoking. Those with parents and friends who are smokers were 3.47 (95%CI: 1.50-8.05) and 2.26 (95%CI: 1.27-4.01) times more likely to have initiated smoking. Non-smoking students, in privately owned schools (OR: 5.08), with friends who smoke (5.09), with lower knowledge (OR: 0.87) and more pro-smoking attitudes (OR 1.13) were more susceptible to future smoking. In addition, respondents who had been sent to purchase cigarettes by an older adult (OR: 3.68) were also more susceptible to future smoking. Conclusions: Being male and having parents who smoke are predictors of smoking initiation among these students. Consistent with findings in other countries, peers not only influence smoking initiation but also influence smoking susceptibility among youth in this African setting. Prevention programs designed to reduce tobacco use among in-school youth should take these factors into consideration. In line with the recommendations of article 16 of the WHO FCTC, efforts to enforce the ban on the sales of cigarettes to minors should be also emphasised.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.167-185
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• 2004

Objectives： The rate of adolescent smoking is important because lead to adult smoking. And early onset of smoking is associated with chronic disease in adult life. The purpose of this study is to describe the smoking status of adolescents and identify the risk factors for smoking in each school. Methods： We selected the participant schools that are located in Yang-cheon Gu, Seoul, Korea, considering the social economic status. The subjects were included 719elementary school students,1,251 middle school students and 1,513 high school students. Self-reported questionnaires were administrated between December 16 and December 24 , 2002. Students were informed in writing that the survey was voluntary. The response rate was 98.7, 81.1 and 95.4 in elementary, middle, and high school, respectively. Results： The results of this study were as follows： 1) Students who have attempted to smoke were 8.8% in elementary school, 29.3% in middle school and 35.0% in high school. 2) The current smokers were 2.0%, 7.9% and 11.5% in elementary, middle and high school, respectively. 3) In elementary school, smoking of mends and physical health were significantly predicted the attempt to smoke. Stress, smoking of mends, alcohol, and binge drinking were associated with the attempt to smoke of middle school students. In high school, the attempt to smoke was related to gender, maternal education, depression, school performance, smoking of brothers, smoking of mends, alcohol, and binge drinking. 4) Current smoking was associated with smoking of mends and binge drinking in middle school and gender, school performance, smoking of brothers, smoking of mends, alcohol, and binge drinking in high school in multiple logistic regression. Conclusion： There is a need for health education and specific strategies to help adolescents prevent from smoking. Smoking prevention programs which include risk-taking behavior such as alcohol, method of copying with stress, and supporting environment were required.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the clinical factors that contribute to age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass (ALSMM) among young Korean male adults. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 955 men aged between 20-29 years. They underwent screening to assess the ALSMM. The study examined a variety of factors, including age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), lifestyle-related habits such as smoking and drinking status, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, as well as the serum triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC) levels. RESULTS: The variables that displayed significant associations with ALSMM were height, weight, BMI, WC, SMI, FBG, TC, DBP, and alcohol consumption (p < .05). Serum triglyceride levels, SBP, and smoking status did not exhibit statistical significance (p > .05). CONCLUSION: The study identified the contributing factors associated with the ALSMM in community-dwelling young adult males. These findings would enrich the current body of literature on ALSMM and provide potential risk factors associated with its development in young Korean males.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to identify the smoking patterns and their relevant factors of the public officials who are placed to guide people's way of thinking as conservative middle-income group and thereupon, provide for basic data which can be used to reduce the diseases and death rate caused by smoking in terms of preventive medicine. For this purpose, 170 public officials working for the government agencies located in seoul were surveyed for Jan. 10-Jan. 20, 1995. The results of survey can be analyzed/summarized as follows; 1. In terms of daily smoking frequencies, 50 officials $(29.4\%)$ are driven by stress to smoke. Among these offcials, 250nes $(50.0\%)$ smoke 20-30 times a day. Meanwhile, 22 officials $(12.9\%)$ answered that they smoke for pleasure and comfort, and among them 6 officials $(21.4\%)$ smoke 20-30 times a day. 26 officials $(15.3\%)$ are found to be nicotine­addicted physically or psychologically, and to 10 of them $(35.7\%)$ smoke 20-30 times a day. On the other hand, 10 officials $(5.9\%)$ have habit of smoking and 4 of them $(40.0\%)$ smoke 20-30 times a day. 2. Out of 50 officials $(24.9\%)$ who began smoking on impulse, 44 actually stopped smoking, and the rest 6 officials did not even implement their plan. In view of successful cigarette-stopping, only 8 officials $(15.4\%)$ out of 44 impulse-driven smokers succeeded in stopping cigarettes, while the rest 36 failed all. Meanwhile, out of those 84 officials $(64.6\%)$. Who smoked for reduced stress, 28 ones succeeded, while the rest 56 ones failed. Out of 20 officials who were nicotine-addicted but attempted to stop smoking, only 2 smokers succeeded and the rest 18 were all failures. 3. Factors involving smoking and Their patterns 1) By age group (30's, 40's and 50's), the smoking patterns can be grouped into stress-removing, nocotine-addictive and habitual ones, respectively. 2) By acadeic background, our officials smoke on impulse or due to nocotine addition. 3) The length of career is co-related with nicotine addition. 4) The ownership of house is related with smoking for comfort or less stress. 5) The number of children is related with impulse-driven smoking or smoking for comfort.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2015

본 연구는 초등학교 고학년 학생들의 흡연 경험 실태, 흡연에 대한 태도, 흡연 유무에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석한 서술적 조사연구이다. 본 연구는 횡단면 기술적 연구 방법을 통하여 충청도와 강원도 소재 초등학교의 4,5,6학년 학생들 중 총 810명을 편의표본추출방법으로 선정하였으며, 흡연 유무에 따른 특성과 흡연에 대한 태도를 일반화 선형 방법을 이용하여 흡연에 영향을 미치는 영향요인을 분석하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 사전에 Y 대학교의 연구윤리심의위원회(IRB)의 승인을 받았다. 본 연구를 위하여 810명의 학생들이 조사에 포함되었는데, 이들 중 7.3%의 초등학교 고학년 학생들이 흡연 경험이 있다고 보고하였다. 흡연에 영향을 미치는 분석 결과, 흡연 경험이 있는 친구를 가진 학생들, 친구의 담배 권유를 거부가 어려운 학생, 그리고 남학생들이 유의하게 흡연 경험이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 초등학교 학생들을 위한 금연교육은 친구의 담배 권유를 거부할 수 있는 인지 프로그램을 포함한 남학생들을 대상으로 같은 또래들의 정서에 맞는 맞춤 금연 교육 프로그램이 실시되어야 하며, 원하지 않는 흡연 경험으로 인한 피해로부터 초등학생들을 보호하기 위해서는 적극적인 학교의 금연교육을 강화해야 한다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2015

본 연구는 직종별 문제음주 관련 요인을 확인하고자 시도되었다. 본 연구는 2012년 1월부터 12월까지 수집된 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 전체 대상자 중 본 연구의 목적에 따라 사무직 391명, 생산직 707명, 서비스직 309명을 최종 대상자로 선정하였다. 자료는 Rao-Scott 카이제곱 검정과 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 알코올사용장애 선별검사 도구를 이용하여 8점 이상을 문제음주군, 8점 미만은 정상음주군으로 분류하여 분석한 결과 문제음주율은 사무직이 45.1%, 생산직 39.1%, 서비스직 42.3%로 나타났으나 직종간 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 문제음주 관련 요인은 직종에 따라 차이가 있었는데 사무직은 흡연만이 관련 요인으로 확인되었으며 흡연자의 문제음주 위험이 4.44배 높았다. 생산직은 배우자가 있는 경우 문제음주 위험이 0.46배 낮고 흡연자는 4.07배 높았다. 서비스직은 20대에 비해 60대 이상의 문제음주 위험이 0.02배 낮은 반면 흡연자는 11.17배 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 직종별 문제음주 관련 요인의 차이를 확인하였으며 향후 본 결과가 음주 중재프로그램 개발에 의미있게 활용될 수 있을 것이라 생각한다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.74-100
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• 1989

Inspite of the lots of studies on the harmfulness of cigarette smoking to the body published by many researchers since 1950, cigarette smoking people are increasing in number especially, cigarette smoking by young and women causes a serious problem. Examining the physiological motives of youth shows that, impulse which the youth want to immitate the adults, alluring curiousity, and defiant physiology of escaping from the norm of traditional groups which has been banned are cooperated well compoundly. As the period of the youth is the one which they accumulate knowledge and charactor by learning as well as the period of growth mentally, and physically they should be rightly educated about smoking before they addicted to smoking and it is desirable for us to make the youth to understand how harmfully the smoking is to effect to their growth and mental soundness simply not as a social norm which they should not smoke. The main motive of this study on the attitude of smoking by the youth is to give basic materials related on this field. For this study, 647 questionnaires were used as studying material which were able to analyze among 720 questionnaires of 2 classes of each grade of 3 high schools among the high schools of boys, girls and co-educated in Seoul from Oct. 21, 1988 through Oct. 26, 1988. Study Instrument are graded in Likert's 5 point from 40 questions which are 20 questions m affirmations and 20 questions in negations after analyzing the factors on 60 simple sentence questions which the students showed in preliminary studies. And these are systemized to be measured from 1 point which means they think smoking IS very bad to 5points which means they think smoking is really good. In these collected materials, technical statistics of frequency. percentage, average, standard deviation are used for general character and smoking attitude, $X^2-test$ for examinning Independant variables of physical. emotional, ethical and other areas pearson's coefficient of correlation for related direction and degree" and step­regression analysis for the degree of relative contribution of all variables which effect smoking attitude. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The smoking attitude of high school boys and girls showed average of 1.78 in physical area, 2.63 in emotional area, 2.61 in ethical area, 2.29 in other area respectively in a negative attitude generally also the negative attitude are expressed most strongly in physical area. I've can also say by this results that smoking is harmful to their health and further more it can be judged that this proves the youth in the period of preparation be adults have a strong curiousity in the emotional, ethical and other areas. 2. The most influential variables in each field as related factors effecting smoking attitude of the student can be explained from 13.2 in physical area the lowest experienced variables to 25.2 in emotional area the highest of degree of smoking experience. The fact that the more the smoking experienced students are increasing in number the higher tendency which accept the' smoking tells as the importance of health education about the population of latest student's smoking as important variables shown equally in each area. Those of grade, age, numbers of smoking people in house are showed meaningful in pure interrelation. Those related to the acceptance of teacher's smoking, sex, mothors education are shown meaningful in opposite interrelations. This means that the' increasing number' of smoking people in grade age, the number of smoker in family have a affirmative attitude. And people who are not interested in teacher's smoking wants to quit it, and whose mother's education is higher have a negative attitude. 3. The most negatively answered questions of the smoking attitude In physical, emotional, ethical and other areas are as belows; Firstly too much smoking is harmful to our health is 1.12 point. Secondly smoking have a ill-effect on pregnancy and embryo is 1.13 point. Thirdly smoking is harmful· to our health is 1.27 point. Fourthly smoking in crowed area with the people such as In a bus or subway should be prohibited is 1.27point. Fifthly smoking can ruin lungs is 1.31 point. And the most affirmatively answered questions are also as below; Firstly we showed smoke depending on time and place is 3.96 points. Secondly smoking is just habit is 3.83 points. Thirdly smoking people seem to be unable and deplorable is 3.69 point. Fourthly smoking should be prohibited by law is 3.56 points. Fifthly high school student's smoking is immitation of adults is 3.52 points.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.755-762
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• 2000

female smoking especially in the population of teenage girls is regarded as an important health problem as the young female smokers are increasing sharply. We surveyed 895 teenage girls(15-19 years of age) living in a rural community in Korea for their cigarette smoking habits and the relationship between smoking status of subjects demographic variables and view on other's smoking. Of the subjects 11.6% stated that they were currently smoking and 67.3% of current smokers began smoking regularly sometimes before high school. The average smoking period of current smokers waas 20.6$\pm$1.5 mounts and they smoked 7.5 cigarettes/day on an average. Their main reason for starting to smoke was curiosity. The parents attitude for their offspring was more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic sachievement and they had the family system such as single parent more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic achievement and they had the family sysstem such as single parent family or divorced parent family more often than did non-smokers. Smoking status of subjects was positively related to that of their parents siblings and friends respectively. Smokers accepted others' smoking more positively than did non-smokers. Above results show that cigarette smoking is prevalent among teenage girls living in a rural community and smoking of subjects are affected by demographic variables and their view on others' smoking. Therefore the prevention the prevention programs aimed at adolescent smoking should be started before middle school and they should be included all influencing environmental factors such as family school and mass media.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.121-135
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate breakfast related factors and utilize the basic information for the development of university student's nutrition and health program in order to help healthy dietary life. The interview was done by trained interviewers on 197 students who visited health clinic in Inje university from May 1 to May 31, 1998. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The rate of having breakfast was 50.5% in male and 45.5% in female, and there were significantly higher rate(62.1%) in freshmen than other grade students(p〈0.05). 2. The rate of smoking and drinking were 24.9%, 86.6%, respectively. The rate of having breakfast was significantly lower in smoking group and drinking group than other groups(p〈0.05). 3. The group that was shown high awareness of the importance of having breakfast was higher than other groups in the rate of having breakfast(p〈0.05). 4. The author calculated odds ratios for past medical history, smoking, drinking, awareness of the importance of having breakfast by logistic regression. The values were 1.77 for past medical history(p〉0.05), 2.09 for smoking(p〉0.05), 2.88 for drinking(p〈0.05), 3.80 for awareness of the importance of having breakfast(p〈0.05). We suggested that better breakfast eating habits for an adequate daily diet should be emphasized through nutrition and health education program for university students.