• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.492-500
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to assess the association between total vitamin A, retinol and carotene intakes and serum concentration of total carotenoids in Korean male smokers and nonsmokers. Food frequency and nutrient intakes of 64 healthy college students were estimated by the 24 hour recall method and food frequency questionnaire and analyzed by smoking status. Serum total cartenoids and lipid profiles were measured in 28 smokers and 36 nonsmokers. The mean total vitamin A, retinol and carotene intakes of smokers were not significantly different from nonsmokers. However, carotene intakes of the smokers who have smoked more than 5 packyears were significantly lower than those of nonsmokers. Smokers consumed green yellow leafy vegetables more often(P=0.005) and fresh fruits less often(P=0.017) than nonsmokers. The serum total carotenoids of smokers consuming the same amount of retinol and carotene as nonsmokers, 1.79 g/ml, were 17% lower than nonsmokers, 2.15 g/ml(P<0.05). The lipid profiles including total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides of smokers were not significantly different from nonsmokers, however, the concentration of HDL cholesterol of smokers were significantly higher than that of nonsmokers. The serum carotenoids concentration was positively associated with fruit consumption frequency in smokers, and also was positively associated with green yellow leafy vegetable consumption frequency in non smokers. There were no correlations between dietary and serum carotenoids for smokers as well as nonsmokers. It was concluded that smoking could be inversely related to the serum concentration of carotenoids at constant carotene intakes and smokers might require more carotene to reach the same concentration comparable to nonsmokers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3483-3489
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• 2013

Background: To identify the prevalence of different stages of smoking and differences in associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: Thos longitudinal study started in February 2011 and the subjects were 2552 form one students aged between twelve to thirteen years of from 15 government secondary schools of Kinta, Perak. Data on demographic, parental, school and peer factors were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. We examined the effects of peer, school and parental factors on the five stages of smoking; never smokers, susceptible never smokers, experimenters, current smokers and ex-smokers, at baseline. Results: In the sample, 19.3% were susceptible never smokers, 5.5% were current smokers 6% were experimenters and 3.1% were ex-smokers. Gender, ethnicity, best friends' smoking status, high peer pressure, higher number of relatives who smoked and parental monitoring were found to be associated with smoking stages. Presence of parent-teen conflict was only associated with susceptible never smokers and experimenters whereas absence of home discussion on smoking hazards was associated with susceptible never smokers and current smokers. Conclusions: We identified variations in the factors associated with the different stages of smoking. Our results highlight that anti-smoking strategies should be tailored according to the different smoking stages.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.755-762
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• 2000

female smoking especially in the population of teenage girls is regarded as an important health problem as the young female smokers are increasing sharply. We surveyed 895 teenage girls(15-19 years of age) living in a rural community in Korea for their cigarette smoking habits and the relationship between smoking status of subjects demographic variables and view on other's smoking. Of the subjects 11.6% stated that they were currently smoking and 67.3% of current smokers began smoking regularly sometimes before high school. The average smoking period of current smokers waas 20.6$\pm$1.5 mounts and they smoked 7.5 cigarettes/day on an average. Their main reason for starting to smoke was curiosity. The parents attitude for their offspring was more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic sachievement and they had the family system such as single parent more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic achievement and they had the family sysstem such as single parent family or divorced parent family more often than did non-smokers. Smoking status of subjects was positively related to that of their parents siblings and friends respectively. Smokers accepted others' smoking more positively than did non-smokers. Above results show that cigarette smoking is prevalent among teenage girls living in a rural community and smoking of subjects are affected by demographic variables and their view on others' smoking. Therefore the prevention the prevention programs aimed at adolescent smoking should be started before middle school and they should be included all influencing environmental factors such as family school and mass media.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.427-430
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• 2015

Background: Dokha is a novel form of smoking in United Arab Emirates (UAE) on which there is very little published literature, especially among adolescents, and this form of smoking has been not been addressed adequately in the smoking cessation strategies in the UAE. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of dokha smoking among male secondary school students in Ajman UAE. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among male secondary school students in Ajman, UAE. A total of 560 participants filled in self-administered questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of ever smokers was 39%; ever dokha smokers was 36% and current dokha smokers was 24%. The prevalence is very high when compared to other forms of smoking in the region and globally. Prevalence increased with increasing age and grade of students, prevalence of ever smokers, ever dokha smokers and current dokha smokers was lower in students in the science stream. 40% of the smokers used dokha, cigarettes and shisha, 30% used dokha and cigarettes, and 21% used dokha alone. 30% of the students smoked dokha on all days of the month. Conclusions: The prevalence of ever smokers, ever dokha smokers and current dokha smokers is very high. There is an urgent need for specific health promotion programs tailored to this age group on prevention of dokha smoking and policies restricting the availability of dokha to this age group.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.803-810
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking levels and periodontal status. 199 subjects, consisting of male 127 and female 72, classified by smoking levels and duration were selected: Patients who had smoked for more than 20 cigarettes/day were considered heavy smokers, 10 to 19, moderate smokers; 1-9, light smokers:0, non-smoker. And smokers were divided into ones who had smoked for more than 20 years, 10-19 years, less than 10 years and non-smokers. Heavy smokers and moderate smokers showed significantly greater pocket depths, less clinical attachment levels, more molar furcation involvements, greater alveolar bone loss and higher scores of plaque index than light smokers and non-smokers,(p < 0.05). When the duration of smoking was considered as a factor, scores of clinical parameters were worse and alveolar bone loss were significantly greater in long-term smokers, who had smoked for more than 20 years. In conclusion, cigarette smoking is associated with periodontal status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1102-1108
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find the extent of lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes in cigarette smokers, and to determine the relative effectiveness of $\beta$-carotene, canthaxanthin , and $\alpha$-tocopherol as antioxidants. Thirty smokers and 30 nonsmokers participated in this study . No significant differences according to age, sex, and height were shown. Cigarette smokers in this study had higher hemoglobin concentrations and more oxidation of hemoglobin than non-smokers. In addition, the erythrocytes of cigarette smokers had significantly higher MDA concentrations than crythrocytes of nonsmokers, which suggests that smokers may have tocopherol were studied in vitro by measuring the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA) and precent hemolysis of erythrocytes. The addition of any antioxidant to erythrocytes significantly decreased MDA concentrations(p<0.05) while antioxidants showed nonsignificant inhibition of hemolysis. Among the antioxidant used in this study, canthaxanthin showed the greatest inhibition of both lipid peroxidationand hemolysis. Meanwhile, $\alpha$-tocopherol showed potent inhibition of lipid peroxidation, but not of hemolysis.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-58
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of stop smoking. The data on which the analysis was based come from a survey of 355 middle-aged men in Seoul. The data was analyzed using proportion, x²-test, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The following were the results; 1. Success rate of stop smoking is 19.9% of 229 persons who attempted to quit smoking. 2. As for the number of quit attempts, 33.3% of ex-smokers tried once; 25.4% of current smokers tried twice. 3. As for methods of quit attempts ex-smokers showed higher tendency in using will power and books/guides than current smokers who in using will power alone. 4. For the attitudes on smoking of family, the majority of ex-smokers and current smokers were opposed absolutely. 5. The main opposite to smoking were wives in cases of both ex-smokers and current smokers, but More ex-smokers answered that the main opposite to smoking were others than current smokers. 6. As for the measures of smoking in the office, more ex-smokers answered inviting than current smokers and more current smokers assigned a smoking spot than ex-smokers. 7. Majority of ex-smokers approve of restriction at public spot strongly. 8. As for the attitude about caution on a cigarette case, more ex-smokers insisted than current smokers. 9. There was a relation between the degree of exposure about knowledge and the degree of knowledge. 10. Stepwise Multiple Regression portray that following factors influence stop smoking in order named. (1) attitude on the smoking restriction at public spot, (2) methods of quit attempt, (3) attitude about caution on cigarette case. Even so, it turned out that these factors alone can explain only 20% of self-examination. Therefore study for the other factors ought to be continued. I submit following suggestions ending this study. 1. Continuous study of the other factors affecting stop smoking must be carried on. 2. Since there was a relation the degree of exposure about knowledge and the degree of knowledge, efficient health education is required using campaign and mass media.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2014

This study aimed to identify changes in the level of neuropeptides among current smokers, former smokers, and individuals who had never smoked, and how smoking habits affect obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Neuropeptide levels, anthropometric parameters, and metabolic syndrome diagnostic indices were determined among male workers; 117 of these had never smoked, whereas 58 and 198 were former and current smokers, respectively. The total sample comprised 373 male workers. The results obtained from anthropometric measurements showed that current smokers attained significantly lower body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and abdominal fat thickness values than former smokers and those who had never smoked. Current smokers' eating habits proved worse than those of non-smokers and individuals who had never smoked. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the neuropeptides in the case of former smokers was $23.6{\pm}9.2pg/ml$, higher than that of current smokers ($20.4{\pm}6.1$) and individuals who had never smoked ($22.4{\pm}5.8$) (F = 6.520, p = 0.002). The level of adiponectin among former smokers was somewhat lower than that of current smokers, whereas leptin levels were higher among former smokers than current smokers; these results were not statistically significant. A relationship was found between adiponectin and triglyceride among non-smokers (odds ratio = 0.660, ${\beta}$ value=-0.416, p < 0.01) and smokers (odds ratio = 0.827, ${\beta}$ value=-0.190, p < 0.05). Further, waist circumference among non-smokers (odds ratio = 1.622, ${\beta}$ value=0.483, p < 0.001) and smokers (odds ratio = 1.895, ${\beta}$ value=0.639, p < 0.001) was associated with leptin. It was concluded that cigarette smoking leads to an imbalance of energy expenditure and appetite by changing the concentration of neuropeptides such as adiponectin, BDNF, leptin, and hsCRP, and influences food intake, body weight, the body mass index, blood pressure, and abdominal fat, which are risk factors for MetS and cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.395-405
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on the clinical, radiographic outcome of surgical peridontal therapy. The outcome of periodontal surgery was evaluated in 51 systemically healthy subjects that had received maintenance care. The study subject consisted of 26 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The average age of smoking patients was 51 years old and non-smoking patients was 48 years old. Changes of probing pocket depth(PPD) and radiographic bone height, and number of missing teeth compared between smokers and non-smokers during maintenance period after surgical therapy. The clinical parameters were less favorable in the smoking group compared with non-smoking group. The number and percentage of missing teeth were greater in smokers(21.6%) than non-smokers(l2.4%), especially in molars. The mean presurgery PPD was similar in smokers and non-smokers, molars and premolars, but significantly decreased at least 2 years after surgery. The mean PPD reduction was significantly greater in non-smokers than smokers. Both in the smoking and non-smoking group, the mean PPD reduction was significantly greater in premolars than molars. The radiographical evaluation was also less favorable in the smoking group than non-smoking group. The radiographic evaluation of bone height in smokers showed bone loss. On the contrary, bone height of non-smokers showed bone gain during the period of maintenance. But there was no significant difference between molars and premolars. The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the smoking group was less favorable than those of the non-smoking group. Therefore , smoking seems to influence on the clinical and radiographic outcomes of surgical periodontal therapy.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.197-216
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare beliefs about social rule, differential peer association, perceived behavioral control, intention of smoking, and self efficacy for rejecting smoking among smokers, reformed smokers, and non smokers in adolescence. The subjects were 576 adolescents in middle and high school, living in K city. The data was collected through questionnaires from December 1st to 18th, 2002 was analyzed using descriptive statistics, x²-test, and ANOVA. 1) The general characteristics and characteristics related to smoking among smokers, reformed smokers, and non smokers in adolescence showed differences as follows： sex, mother's education, monthly allowance, thinking about teacher's smoking, feelings about the smoking scene, thinking about father's smoking, drinking, satisfaction of school, and sexual experience. 2) Belief about social rule, differential peer association, perceived behavioral control, intention of smoking, and self efficacy for rejecting smoking among the three groups showed differences as follows： smokers have a lower belief about social rule, lower perceived behavioral control, lower self-efficacy for rejecting smoking, but higher differential peer association and higher intention of smoking than those of reformed smokers and non smokers. We recommend the development of a nursing program for anti-smoking behavior including the research factors affecting attitudes of smoking adolescents.