• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.1 s.25
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• pp.153-161
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• 1989

Authors studied on the prevalence of 94 cases of pneumoconiosis who were found out through the screening test on 1,062 workers engaged in welding process at 36 shipyard in Pusan area from March 1st, 1986 to November 30th, 1986. The result were as follows; 1. Dust concentration was measured $4.49{\pm}0.54mg/m^3$ in the small scale shipyard while it was $6.25{\pm}1.08mg/m^3$ in the large one. 2. The prevalence of welder's lung was 8.9% (male:8.5%, female:12.0%) and this is consist of 4.9% suspected pneumoconiosis and 4.0% pneumoconiosis more than category 1/0. 3. The prevalence was significantly increased according to the duration of dust exposure(p<0.05), and it showed the increasing tendency by the age group. 4. The prevalence was significantly higher in the large scale shipyard than is the small scale one(p<0.01). 5. The type and shape of opacities were 71.4% of p type and 28.6% of q type, however no pneumoconiosis with r type observed in this study. 6. The main subjective symptoms were the sputum(29.8%), coughing(25.5%), shortness of breath(20.2%), fatique(6.4%), and chest pain(5.3%). In other hand, 57.4% of pneumoconiosis were asymptomatic. 7. The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was radiologically 1.7% in all subjects including 5.3% in pneumoconiosis and 1.3% in no pneumoconiosis(p<0.01).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.4348-4358
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• 2022

The thermal-hydraulics phenomena in a containment during an accident will necessarily include radiative heat transfer (i) within the gas mixture due to the high radiative absorption and emission of steam and (ii) between the gas mixture and the surrounding structures. The analysis of some previous PANDA experiments (PSI, Switzerland) demonstrated the importance of the proper modelling of radiation for the benefit of numerical simulations. These results together with dedicated scoping calculations conducted for the present experiments indicated that the radiative heat transfer is considerable, even for a very low amount of steam (≈2%). The H2P2 series conducted in the large-scale PANDA facility at the Paul-Scherrer-Institut (PSI) in the framework of the OECD/NEA HYMERES-2 project is intended to enhance the understanding of thermal radiation phenomena and to provide a benchmark for corresponding numerical simulations. Thus, the test matrix was tailored around the two opposite extremes: either gas compositions with small steam content such that radiative heat transfer phenomena can be neglected. Or gas mixtures containing larger amounts of steam, so that radiative heat transfer is expected to play a dominant role. The H2P2 series consists of 5 experiments designed to isolate the radiation phenomena from convective and diffusive effects as much as possible. One vessel with a diameter of 4 m and a height of 8 m was preconditioned with different mixtures of air / steam at room and elevated temperatures. This was followed by the build-up of a stable helium stratification at constant pressure in the upper part of the vessel. After that, helium was injected from the top into the vessel which leads to an increase of the vessel pressure and a corresponding elevation-dependent and transient rise of the gas temperature. It is shown that even the addition of small amounts of steam in the initial gas atmosphere considerably impacts the radiative heat transport throughout all phases of the experiments and markedly influences i) the monitored gas peak temperature, ii) the temperature history during the compression and iii) the following relaxation phase after the compression was stopped. These PANDA experiments are the first of its kind conducted in a large scale thermal-hydraulic facility.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.532-536
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• 2011

The silicon nitride films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition using inductively coupled plasma. During the deposition, the substrate was heated at $150^{\circ}C$ and power 1,000 W. To evolution low temperature manufacture, we have studied the role of source gases, $SiH_4$, $NH_3$, $N_2$, and $H_2$, to produce Si-N and N-H bond in a-SiNx:H film growth. $SiH_4$, $NH_3$, and $N_2$ flow rate fixed at 100, 10, and 10 sccm, $H_2$ flow rate varied from 0 to 10 sccm by small scale. To get the electrical characteristics, we makes MIM structure, and analysis surface bonding state. Experimental data show that Si-N and N-H bond is increased and hence electrical characteristics is showed 3 MV/cm breakdown-voltage, and leakage-current $10^{-7}\;A/cm^2$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.113-118
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• 1977

Into the precontaminated farm milk hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O$$_2$) was added at the concentrations ranging from 0.01％ to 0.05％ and kept at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours with periodical determinations for viable counts, residual $H_2O$$_2$, and lactic acid. Under the tested conditions the initial level of contaminated bacteria could be arrested from growing at least for 8, 12, and 16 hours by treating the milk with 0.01, 0.02. and 0.03 per cent of $H_2O$$_2$, respectively. Furthermore, when the $H_2O$$_2$concentrations ware limited within the level of 0.03 Per cent the added $H_2O$$_2$was completely decomposed within 12 hours without the aid of external catalase and the decomposition time decreased in parallel with the $H_2O$$_2$ concentrations. A safer use of $H_2O$$_2$for preserving farm milk temporarily by limiting its concentration has been discussed.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2015

Predicting the location and intensity of precipitation still remains a main issue in numerical weather prediction (NWP). Resolution is a very important component of precipitation forecasts in NWP. Compared with a lower resolution model, a higher resolution model can predict small scale (i.e., storm scale) precipitation and depict convection structures more precisely. In addition, an ensemble technique can be used to improve the precipitation forecast because it can estimate uncertainties associated with forecasts. Therefore, NWP using both a higher resolution model and ensemble technique is expected to represent inherent uncertainties of convective scale motion better and lead to improved forecasts. In this study, the limited area ensemble prediction system for the convective-scale (i.e., high resolution) operational Unified Model (UM) in Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) was developed and evaluated for the ensemble forecasts during August 2012. The model domain covers the limited area over the Korean Peninsula. The high resolution limited area ensemble prediction system developed showed good skill in predicting precipitation, wind, and temperature at the surface as well as meteorological variables at 500 and 850 hPa. To investigate which combination of horizontal resolution and ensemble member is most skillful, the system was run with three different horizontal resolutions (1.5, 2, and 3 km) and ensemble members (8, 12, and 16), and the forecasts from the experiments were evaluated. To assess the quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) skill of the system, the precipitation forecasts for two heavy rainfall cases during the study period were analyzed using the Fractions Skill Score (FSS) and Probability Matching (PM) method. The PM method was effective in representing the intensity of precipitation and the FSS was effective in verifying the precipitation forecast for the high resolution limited area ensemble prediction system in KMA.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.445-456
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• 1998

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a medium scale rice polisher of 2.5 t/h and to improve its performance for producing the clean rice with high quality. The maximum internal pressure, broken rice ratio. whiteness in the rice polisher were investigated, and the effects of outlet resistance, water spraying rate, shaft revolution speed and rice moisture content on the polishing performance were analyzed to find out proper operating conditions. The conclusions of this study were as follows: 1. In the performance evaluation of the polisher, the broken rice ratio increment of 0.1%, the max. internal pressure of about 11 N/${cm}^2$, and whiteness increment of 2.2~3.7 resulted at the conditions of 20 PS driving power, 950 rpm, 150 cc/min water spraying rate, 44.1 Nㆍcm outlet resistance and about 15% rice moisture content. 2. Though max. internal pressure and whiteness at the 17% rice moisture content were higher than those at the 15% moisture content under the same operating conditions of the polisher, but the broken rice rate at the 17% moisture content was absolutely low compared with that at 15% moisture content. The water spraying effect to reduce broken rice and to increase whiteness was much significant at the 15% moisture content not significant at 17% moisture content. 3. The main parameter of the performance was outlet resistance, and low resistance of about 44.1 Nㆍcm was recommended at the polisher. 4. The proper water spraying rate in the polisher was about 150 cc/min. 5. As the shaft revolution speed decreased from 950 rpm and 800 rpm to 650 rpm, the broken rice ratio increased and whiteness decreased. 6. As the driving power of the polisher increased from 20 PS to 30 PS, the max. internal pressure decreased by about 1~2.5 N/${cm}^2$ and whiteness increased by about 1~2, but the broken rice rate was not changed. 7. The proper operating conditions of the polisher seemed to be the revolution speed of 800-950 rpm, the water spraying rate of about 150 cc/min, the oulet resistance of about 44.1 N.cm and 30 PS driving power.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.35.4-35.4
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• 2019

We have conducted a 22 GHz very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) survey of 281 local (z < 0.05) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) selected from the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) 70-month ultra hard X-ray (14-195 keV) catalog. The main goal is to investigate the relation between the strengths of black hole accretion and the parsec-scale nuclear jet, which is expected to tightly correlate but has not been observationally confirmed yet. The BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS) provides the least biased AGN sample against obscuration including both Seyfert types, hence it makes an ideal parent sample for studying the nuclear jet properties of an overall AGN population. Using the Korean VLBI Network (KVN), the KVN and VERA Array (KaVA), and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), we observed 281 objects with a 22 GHz flux > 30 mJy, detecting 11 targets (~4% of VLBI detection rate). This implies that the fraction of X-ray AGNs which are currently ejecting a strong nuclear jet is very small. Although our 11 sources span a wide range of pc-scale morphological types, from compact to complex, they lie on a tight linear relation between accretion luminosity and nuclear jet luminosity. Our finding may indicate that the power of nuclear jet is directly responsible for the amount of black hole accretion. We also have probed the fundamental plane of black hole activity in VLBI scale (e.g., few milli-arcsecond). The results from our high-frequency VLBI radio study support that the change of jet luminosity and size follows what is predicted by the AGN evolution scenario based on the Eddington ratio (ƛ$_{Edd}$) - column density ($N_H$) plane, proposed by a previous study.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.647-670
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• 2013

The paper presents a numerical approach to study of fluid flow characteristics and to predict performance of wind turbines. The numerical model is based on Finite-volume method (FVM) discretization of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations. The movement of turbine blades is modeled using moving mesh technique. The turbulence is modeled using commonly used turbulence models: Renormalization Group (RNG) k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and the standard k-${\varepsilon}$ and k-${\omega}$ turbulence models. The model is validated with the experimental data over a large range of tip-speed to wind ratio (TSR) and blade pitch angles. In order to demonstrate the use of numerical method as a tool for designing wind turbines, two dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) simulations are carried out to study the flow through a small scale Darrieus type H-rotor Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The flows predictions are used to determine the performance of the turbine. The turbine consists of 3-symmetrical NACA0022 blades. A number of simulations are performed for a range of approaching angles and wind speeds. This numerical study highlights the concerns with the self-starting capabilities of the present VAWT turbine. However results also indicate that self-starting capabilities of the turbine can be increased when the mounted angle of attack of the blades is increased. The 2-D simulations using the presented model can successfully be used at preliminary stage of turbine design to compare performance of the turbine for different design and operating parameters, whereas 3-D studies are preferred for the final design.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2016

The characteristics of filter/adsorber granular activated carbon (F/A GAC) were investigated by measuring various parameters, which include surface area, pore volume, abrasion number, floater, and water-soluble ash. The correlation between parameters was also evaluated. Moreover, rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) was conducted for adsorption characteristics. Thirteen F/A GAC were tested, and the average values of abrasion number and water-soluble ash were 88.9 and 0.15%, respectively. F/A GAC with the larger external surface area and greater mesopore volume had the lower abrasion number, which indicated that it was worn out relatively easily. Water-soluble ash of coconut-based GAC (about 2.6%) was greater than that of coal-based GAC (less than 1%), and the pH of solution was increased with GAC, which had the higher water-soluble ash. On the other hand, floater of thirteen F/A GAC was divided as two groups, which one group had relatively higher floater (2.7~3.5%) and the other group had lower floater (approximately 0.5%). The results of RSSCT indicated that coconut-based GAC (i.e. relatively higher water-soluble ash) had less adsorption capacity. Moreover, adsorption capacity of coal-based GAC with larger surface area and greater mesopore volume was superior to others.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.539-546
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• 2002

The physicochemical properties of solid wastes generated from seven highway service areas, four branch offices, and one construction site were analyzed in concert with air pollutants including heavy metals emitted from near-by small-scale incinerators. The amount of solid wastes generated from highway areas has been increasing with recent increases in the number of highways and passengers. Twelve incinerators examined in this study generally had capacity smaller than 100 kg/hr, most of which were equipped with cyclone for dust removal. It was seen that the concentrations of the gas-phase air pollutants (e.g., SO$_2$, NO$_{x}$, HCl and H$_2$S) were above the acceptable emission standards except one or two sites. CO concentrations at all incinerators were also higher due to incomplete combustion. In addition, particulate matters showed concentration six times higher at their maximum. The results of heavy metal analysis showed that the concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Ni satisfied the emission standards. whereas Pb at one site and Zn at five sites exceeded the standards. Cr measurement results indicated that 9 of 12 incinerators had higher values than the standard; especially one branch office showed nine times higher than normal concentration. In order to satisfy more stringent emission standards in the near future, it is necessary to install air pollution control system and to develop an intensified management plan.n.