• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 2015

Monitoring of $CO_2$ release through the ground surface is essential to confirm the safety of carbon storage projects. We conducted a feasibility study of the multi-channel surface-soil $CO_2$-concentration monitoring (SCM) system as a soil $CO_2$ monitoring tool with a small scale injection test. The background concentrations showed the distinct diurnal variation. The negative relation of $CO_2$ with temperature and the low $CO_2$ concentrations during the day imply that surface-soil $CO_2$ depends on photosynthesis and respiration. After 4.2 kg of $CO_2$ injection (1 m depth for 29 minutes), surface-soil $CO_2$ concentrations increased in the all five chambers, which were located less than 2.8 m of distance from each other. The $CO_2$ concentrations seem to be recovered to the background around 4 hours after the injection ended. To determine the leakage, the data from Chamber 2 and 5 with low increase rates were used for statistical analyses. Coefficient of variation for 30 minutes ($CV_{30min}$.) is efficient to determine a leakage signal, with reflecting the fast change in $CO_2$ concentrations. Consequently, SCM and $CV_{30min}$ could be applied for an efficient monitoring tool to detect $CO_2$ release through the ground surface. Also, this study provides ideas for establishing action steps after leakage detection.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2005

The nitrogen (N) balance in Korea during 1985-1997 was calculated according to the surface balance method of the PARCOM guidelines and compared with Japanese N balance. The some differences were founded in the coefficients used on calculating N balance in two nations. Of the important parameters, which can make a big difference in balance, N input by organic fertilizers was not included in Korea different with Japanese, due to absence of reliable statistics and then made lower the input. Nitrogen destruction rate from livestock manure was adjusted differently with 15% in Korea but 28% in Japan. There was some difference in the conversion factors of livestock number into manure N quantity in two nations, but the gap was ignoble scale except beef cattle. Our manure N production rate of beef cattle might be evaluated to be so lower than Japanese. Biological N fixation by pulses was very higher in Korea than in Japan but scarcely affect the increase of total N input, due to small cultivation area. In contrast, N fixation rate by free-living organisms in Korean and Japanese wet paddies showed the big difference with 7.6 and $37.0kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively, and therefore $29.4kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ of nitrogen was estimated to be more inputted in Japan. Although there are many points to be more specified and improved, still, Korean N balance was very high with $250-257kg\;ha^{-1}$ in the mid of 1990s, which was the second highest level in OECD countries and furthermore increased continuously during the investigation. In contrast in Japan, which has similar fanning system with Korea, N balance was lower with $130-158kg\;ha^{-1}$ and has decreased continuously since 1993. This high N balance was mainly due to a high usage of chemical fertilizers in our intensive fanning system and the fast increment of livestock feeding. Therefore, the more active action to decrease chemical fertilizer utilization and reduce livestock feeding density is required in the government and farmer sides.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2005

Pain is an unpleasant sensation experienced when tissues are damaged. Thus, pain sensation in some way protects body from imminent threat or injury. Peripheral sensory nerves innervated to peripheral tissues initially respond to multiple forms of noxious or strong stimuli, such as heat, mechanical and chemical stimuli. In response to these stimuli, electrical signals for conducting the nociceptive neural signals through axons are generated. These action potentials are then conveyed to specific areas in the spinal cord and in the brain. Sensory afferent fibers are heterogeneous in many aspects. For example, sensory nerves are classified as $A{\alpha}$, $-{\beta}$, $-{\delta}$ and C-fibers according to their diameter and degree of myelination. It is widely accepted that small sensory fibers tend to respond to vigorous or noxious stimuli and related to nociception. Thus these fibers are specifically called nociceptors. Most of nociceptors respond to noxious mechanical stimuli and heat. In addition, these sensory fibers also respond to chemical stimuli [Davis et al. (1993)] such as capsaicin. Thus, nociceptors are considered polymodal. Recent advance in research on ion channels in sensory neurons reveals molecular mechanisms underlying how various types of stimuli can be transduced to neural signals transmitted to the brain for pain perception. In particular, electrophysiological studies on ion channels characterize biophysical properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. Furthermore, molecular biology leads to identification of genetic structures as well as molecular properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. These ion channels are expressed in axon terminals as well as in cell soma. When these channels are activated, inward currents or outward currents are generated, which will lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane causing increased or decreased excitability of sensory neurons. In order to depolarize the membrane of nerve terminals, either inward currents should be generated or outward currents should be inhibited. So far, many cationic channels that are responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons are introduced recently. Activation of these channels in sensory neurons is evidently critical to the generation of nociceptive signals. The main channels responsible for inward membrane currents in nociceptors are voltage-activated sodium and calcium channels, while outward current is carried mainly by potassium ions. In addition, activation of non-selective cation channels is also responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons. Thus, excitability of neurons can be controlled by regulating expression or by modulating activity of these channels.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.849-859
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• 2018

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection has been a public health concern worldwide. It is the leading cause of genital herpes and a contributing factor to cervical cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. No vaccine is available yet for the treatment of HSV-2 infection, and routinely used synthetic nucleoside analogs have led to the emergence of drug resistance. The small molecule $Retro-2^{cycl}$ has been reported to be active against several pathogens by acting on intracellular vesicle transport, which also participates in the HSV-2 lifecycle. Here, we showed that Retro-2.1, which is an optimized, more potent derivative of $Retro-2^{cycl}$, could inhibit HSV-2 infection, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of $5.58{\mu}M$ and $6.35{\mu}M$ in cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays, respectively. The cytotoxicity of Retro-2.1 was relatively low, with a 50% cytotoxicity concentration of $116.5{\mu}M$. We also preliminarily identified that Retro-2.1 exerted the antiviral effect against HSV-2 by a dual mechanism of action on virus entry and late stages of infection. Therefore, our study for the first time demonstrated Retro-2.1 as an effective antiviral agent against HSV-2 in vitro with targets distinct from those of nucleoside analogs.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.15-30
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• 2008

본 연구는 가정교과가 학습자의 흥미와 관심에 부합하여 실생활에 활용 가능한 학습자 중심의 실천교과가 되도록 옷차림 영역을 중심으로 활동과제 개선을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 7차 교육과정의 중학교 2학년 기술 가정 10종 교과서에 수록되어 있는 의생활 단원의 활동과제를 분석하였다. 활동과제는 활동과제 수행 시 '집단의 규모', '문제의 유형', '과제 수행 방법'에 따라 분류하여 분석하여 활동과제의 내용 구성, 수행방법, 제시방법 등 활동과제가 나아가야 할 방향을 모색해 보았으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학교 2학년 기술 가정 교과 의생활 영역의 옷차림 단원의 비율을 살펴본 결과 의생활 단원의 5개 단원 중 가장 높은 비율을 차지하고 있었으며, 옷차림 단원의 6가지 세부 내용 중 '한복의 종류와 바르게 입는 방법'과 '의복의 기능의 복의 종류와 특징'이 가장 많은 비율을 차지하고 있었다. 둘째, 활동과제의 문제의 유형과 과제 수행 방법은 출판사와 옷차림 영역 세부내용 간에 차이를 보였으나 집단의 규모는 '개별활동', 문제의 유형은 '구조화된 문제', 과제 수행방법은 '가정에서 이전 경험으로부터 해결할 수 있는 과제'가 가장 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었다. 따라서 가정교과가 학습자 중심의 실천교과가 되기 위해 활동과제의 내용은 학생의 요구, 교육현장의 여건 등을 고려하며 학생들의 일상생활에 중심을 두고, 소집단 활동의 비율을 높이는 것이 바람직하다. 또한 활동과제는 구조화되지 않은 문제와 같이 다양하고 포괄적인 문제 상황을 제시하는 것이 학생의 창의력, 사고력을 신장시키는데 도움이 될 것이며, 수행 방법을 다양하게 구성할 필요가 있다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.9
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• pp.546-546
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• 2008

Copper (Cu) Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has been an essential process for Cu wifing of DRAM and NAND flash memory beyond 45nm. Copper has been employed as ideal material for interconnect and metal line due to the low resistivity and high resistant to electro-migration. Damascene process is currently used in conjunction with CMP in the fabrication of multi-level copper interconnects for advanced logic and memory devices. Cu CMP involves removal of material by the combination of chemical and mechanical action. Chemicals in slurry aid in material removal by modifying the surface film while abrasion between the particles, pad, and the modified film facilitates mechanical removal. In our research, we emphasized on the role of chemical effect of slurry on Cu CMP, especially on the effect of amine functional group on removal rate selectivity between Cu and Tantalum-nitride (TaN) film. We investigated the two different kinds of complexing agent both with amine functional group. On the one hand, Polyacrylamide as a polymer affected the stability of abrasive, viscosity of slurry and the corrosion current of copper film especially at high concentration. At higher concentration, the aggregation of abrasive particles was suppressed by the steric effect of PAM, thus showed higher fraction of small particle distribution. It also showed a fluctuation behavior of the viscosity of slurry at high shear rate due to transformation of polymer chain. Also, because of forming thick passivation layer on the surface of Cu film, the diffusion of oxidant to the Cu surface was inhibited; therefore, the corrosion current with 0.7wt% PAM was smaller than that without PAM. the polishing rate of Cu film slightly increased up to 0.3wt%, then decreased with increasing of PAM concentration. On the contrary, the polishing rate of TaN film was strongly suppressed and saturated with increasing of PAM concentration at 0.3wt%. We also studied the electrostatic interaction between abrasive particle and Cu/TaN film with different PAM concentration. On the other hand, amino-methyl-propanol (AMP) as a single molecule does not affect the stability, rheological and corrosion behavior of the slurry as the polymer PAM. The polishing behavior of TaN film and selectivity with AMP appeared the similar trend to the slurry with PAM. The polishing behavior of Cu film with AMP, however, was quite different with that of PAM. We assume this difference was originated from different compactness of surface passivation layer on the Cu film under the same concentration due to the different molecular weight of PAM and AMP.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2018

국내 중소규모 저수지의 99.1%는 흙댐으로, 건설비용이 저렴하여 용이한 시공성을 갖고 있다. 그러나 흙댐은 월류에 취약하기 때문에, 홍수 시 급격한 붕괴 가능성이 있다. 이러한 붕괴가 발생할 경우 급격한 홍수량 증가로 이어지기 때문에, 하류 치수 안전성이 위협 받을 가능성이 크다. 이에 본 연구에서는 흙댐 사면에 포설한 사석의 붕괴 지연효과를 실험을 통해 검토하였다. 실험은 사각단면의 직선형 개수로에서 수행하였으며, 보호공 사석의 크기를 3가지로 결정하였다. 선행 연구들과 차이점은 부정류로 실험을 수행한 것이며, 대상은 일반적인 형태의 가물막이로 결정하였다. 실험결과 차원해석 및 선행연구를 이용하여 서석보호공이 포설된 흙댐 붕괴 시간에 대한 새로운 공식을 제시하였다. 또한 사석 보호공이 설치된 경우 실험을 통해 붕괴 지연효과에 대해 검토한 결과 포설된 사석의 2배 이상의 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 EAP (Emergency Aciton Plan) 수립 및 제방 설계와 같은 하천 계획에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국연극학
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• 제40호
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• pp.207-237
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• 2010

Concentrating on the birth, life, and death of the Living Theatre, almost half a century avant-garde group, the primary purpose of this study at large is to explore its counter-cultural philosophy. While taking a chronological form adapting the biological order, the paper focuses on the troupe's productions: , , , , and . Through out these productions the philosophy of the Living Theatre seemed to included communal, anti-intellectual, politically radical, generally Utopian, and proselytizers for sexual freedom. The history of the Living Theatre interestingly parallels the history of the Beck's theatre in occupation and shut down. The first New York theatre was closed by fire inspectors for instance. The second theatre was declared unsafe, and locked up by the Building Department. The third theatre was seized by the IRS, consequently shut down. In 1984, after more than 25years from the third building, the Living Theatre settled once again on East Third Street in Manhattan. The theatre was however evacuated by the New York City Fire Department in 1993 and once more took to the road. With these struggles, the Becks' profound aspiration of the counter-cultural insurgency came to harden as strong as 'iron' in some ways. With the outstanding components of counter-cultural philosophy and style, the Living Theatre, in the course of the transformation, absorbed and then reflected virtually every phase for the Living Theatre were vehicles for more than just aesthetics. The group seemed to propagandize its beliefs rather performing productions. Accordingly, both on and off-stage action of the Living Theatre caused great controversy either through political activism of individual members or through the unconventional collective life style. No avant-garde theatre company was more emblematic of the rebellious spirit of the sixties than the Living Theatre. Like the first great transformation, the Becks' encounter, their personal values and the form of theatre they created had blended 'so inextricably that the vitality of each was dependent on the other.' The Becks always urged unity and harmony at all levels of human life, but not at any price. The anticapitalist ideal inspired the Becks to promote a politically motivated campaign throughout their productions. They believed the revolution is desirable but in the state of non-violence and the expansion of human consciousness. Julian Beck's gravestone identifies his as pet, painter, actor, and anarchist. The Living Theatre was a 'small umbrella' under which the Becks and its members could breath and unfold their dream on stage or in the street.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.441-452
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• 2021

본 연구는 잡크래프팅이 혁신행동을 통해 조직헌신에 미치는 영향에 대해 검증하고, 잡크래프팅과 혁신행동을 촉진하는 요인으로 구성원의 지식공유를 설정하여 조절효과를 분석하였다. 또한 잡크래프팅이 혁신행동을 통하여 구성원의 조직헌신에 이르는 간접효과가 지식공유의 수준에 따라 다를 것으로 예상하고 조절된 매개효과를 분석하였다. 분석을 위해 전국의 스타트업 및 중소기업, 공공기관, 대기업 종사자 등 463명을 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하였고, SPSS 18.0과 SPSS Process Macro 분석을 통해 가설을 검증하였다. 분석결과 첫째. 잡크래프팅이 구성원의 혁신행동에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 둘째, 지식공유 수준이 높을수록 구성원의 혁신행동에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 혁신행동은 구성원의 조직헌신에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 넷째, 잡크래프팅과 조직헌신 간의 관계에서 혁신행동의 매개효과가 나타났다. 마지막으로 잡프래프팅이 혁신행동을 통해 조직헌신에 영향을 미치는 간접효과에 대한 지식공유의 조절된 매개효과는 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 가설검증 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 이론 및 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다.

• 사물인터넷융복합논문지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2022

과학기술과 감성의 융합을 가장 강조하는 IOT 사회환경에서 본 연구는 디자인 분야를 전공하고 있는 중국 유학생 대학원생들의 학습공동체 운영을 기반으로, 디자인 융합 수업에 참여하면서 어떠한 경험을 하였는지 그리고 그 경험의 의미는 무엇인지를 탐색해보는 것을 연구목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 T대학에 재학하고 있는 12명의 대학원생을 대상으로 디자인 기반의 탐구 방법을 활용하여 다양한 연구 문제를 시각화하는 것으로 실행연구를 하였다. 디자인 중심의 융합수업은 외부환경에 의해 주어지는 표현기법과 연구 참여자들의 내적 동기에 의해 시각적 전략으로 표현되는 내용을 바탕으로 소그룹으로 진행되었다. 연구 참여자들은 연구 문제의 관점과 의도를 연구물에 나타내기 위해 연구 과정에서 시각 자료의 은유적 사용과 분석, 연구 문제에 대한 감각적 접근 등의 다양한 시각적 전략을 사용하여 표현한 융합디자인 연구물은 창의적 사고과정을 표출하는 형식으로 제시되었다. 탐구의 한 방법으로 다양한 경험을 토대로 결과물을 제시한 수업방식은 새로운 수업 형식의 변화 및 교수자들의 실천적 지식 나눔과 학습참여자들의 공동체 참여의 의미를 시사한다고 여긴다.