• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2009

Background and Objectives: The skin barrier protects skin against a harmful environment. Its function includes an antimicrobial barrier as well as a physical barrier. Stress is harmful to the skin barrier and there are many studies on this, but there are few about the effect of stress during pregnancy on the skin barrier of offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stress during pregnancy on the skin barrier of offspring by examination with the naked eye, cortisol, weight, TEWL and histologic tests. Materials and Methods: Male hairless mice ten weeks old were coupled with females for three days. After twelve days the females were divided into two groups. We stressed one group and not the other group. The offspring from the non-stressed (N group) and stressed (S group) grew up until four weeks. The S group was exposed to chronic mild stress using the chronic stress model protocol modified method of Wilner and Towell for a week. We made examinations with the naked eye, assessment of cortisol, weight, TEWL, and histologic test to contrast the S group with the N group. Statistical analysis was performed by using Mann-Whitney and Friedman test. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05). Results: 1. By making an examination with the naked eye, S group showed papules, creases and dryness on their skin, but N showed no change compared with normal skin. 2. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in cortisol (p>0.05). 3. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in weight. N group had less weight than S group (p<0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in TEWL (p>0.05). 5. There was no statistically significant difference between S group and N group in TEWL recovery (p>0.05). 6. In TEWL and TEWL recovery, there was statistically significant difference by time between S group and N group (p<0.005). Histologically, S group showed a thicker epidermis and epidermal crest than N group. Conclusions: We found that stress during pregnancy has negative effects on the skin barrier of offspring. Though there were no statistically significant differences between S group and N group in TEWL recovery, we found evidence that the recovery of skin barrier function is interrupted by stress during pregnancy by examination with both the naked eye and histology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1020-1031
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• 1998

This study was done to investigate thermal reponses and to obtain the basic information of thermal comfort by sex and posture under the Ondol heating system. Six healthy males and females were exposed to Ondol(Room Temp.: 25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$10%R.H, Floor Temp.:30$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$) on the of posture such as sitting, lying aside and supine on the floor for 30 minutes after 30 minutes' control phase. During the experiment, rectal temperature, skin temperature of 10 areas, local sweating rate, clothing microclimate, subjective sensation were measured. Rectal temperature gradually decreased and mean skin temperature grad-ually increased both male and female in any posture. There was not significant difference between male and female in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature. There were significant difference among the postures in rectal temperature(p<0.001) and mean skin temperature(p<0.001). In lying aside and supine on the floor, appearances of change and changes in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were large, changes of weight were small. In sitting on the floor, appearances of change and changes in rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were small, changes of weight were large. The trunk skin tem-perature was higher in female than in male, but the extremity skin temperature was higher in male than in female. In sitting on the floor, foot skin temperature(p<0.001) was higher than any other local skin temperature. In supine on the floor, back skin temperature(p<0.001) was higher than any other local skin temperature.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2003

The use of skin whitening agents has been recently increased in various kinds of cosmetic products, although there were some reports that whitening agents might cause allergic contact dermatitis. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pigs for contact sensitization potential. This study was carried out to investigate the skin sensitization potential of three whitening agents, arbutin, azelaic acid, and kojic acid, by LLNA using a non-radiois-topic endpoint. Female Balb/c mice were exposed topically to a weak allergen, $\alpha$-hexylcinnamalde-hyde (HCA), and three whitening agents following LLNA protocol. Lymph node (LN) weight and cell proliferation in ears and auricular lymph node using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry were evaluated. LN weights were significantly increased at the HCA group compared to the vehicle control. A weak allergen, HCA elicited 3-fold or greater increase in cell proliferation of lymph nodes as well as increase in cell proliferation of ear as measured by BrdU immunohistochemistry. However, in the case of skin whitening agent groups, there were no significant changes in LN weight and cell proliferation in the ear and lymph node of mice treated with 5, 10 and 20% of three whitening agents compared to the vehicle control. These results show that these three skin whitening agents may not have contact sensitization potentials at tested concentrations in Balb/c mice by LLNA.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.681-686
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• 2010

Purpose: Obese proportion is increasing universally, estimating more than a billion. So reducing the weight became one of the topic in medical market. Not only diet, exercise, medication, but also many surgical procedures are being developed, such as sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery. After massive weight loss, skin excess and laxity occurs, leading to unsatisfying body contour. Body contouring surgery including abdominoplasty, breast reduction is performed when skin excess is present in abdomen and breast. When skin excess is present circumferentially, belt dermolipectomy is the treatment of choice. Methods: A 23-year-old man had weight gain since he was 12 of age. A year before visiting to our department, his height was 168 cm, weight was 150 kg and body mass index (BMI) was 53.15 kg/$m^2$. The patient lost 55 kg of his weight through exercise and diet control. When he visited again, his weight was 95 kg and BMI was 33.66 kg/$m^2$. In physical examination, skin excess and laxity was seen in both breast and abdomen circumferentially and lateral folds were seen in the back. Abdominal contour deformity (Pitman classification type 6) and pseudogynecomastia (grade 3) were present in both breast. Belt dermolipectomy of abdomen, both breast and lateral folds was performed, resecting 6,400 g of tissue and additive 1,200 g through revisional operation. Results: The patient lost 6,500g of his weight and BMI reduced by 2.3 kg/$m^2$. The patient's hospital course was uneventful during 5 weeks of hospitalization and he was satisfied with his final body contour. Conclusion: Body contouring with belt dermolipectomy in patient who has circumferential skin excess and laxity after massive weight loss can be a treatment of choice.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2005

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fruit skin spray of the lime fertilizer in 'Campbell Early' grapes. The T-N, P, K, Ca and Mg of fruit skin and cluster weight, berry weight, cluster length showed no difference between control and lime fertilizer. But soluble solids in fruit was reduced by fruit skin spray of liquid calcium fertilizer extracted from oyster shell after bagging(LCaB). The anthocyanin content of fruit skin was decreased by air-slaked lime(HCa) and LCaB treatment. Also, occurrence of fruit skin bloom was significantly reduced by HCa and oyster shell powder(OS-CaP) treatment. The berry firmness was significantly increased through liquid calcium fertilizer extracted from oyster shell(LCa) and HCa treatment. Conspicuously, berry elasticity was rather decreased by OS-CaP treatment. However, there was no difference of weight loss of fruit among treatments during room temperature storage.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.171-182
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of kangaroo care on body weight, physiological responses and behavioral states in premature infants. The subjects were 32 premature infants, fifteen for the kangaroo care group and seventeen for the control group, who hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. The kangaroo care was applied 8 times during the twenty five days with 40 minutes for each session. The kangaroo care provides the skin-to-skin contact during which a premature infant wearing a diaper and a hat is placed on its mother's chest. As for the measures, body weight was measured everyday. The levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-OHCS were measured twice, before beginning the first intervention and after finishing the last intervention. While each session of the care is undergoing, such physiological responses were measured periodically as heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation, core temperature and skin temperature. The results were as follows : 1. The weight gain was significantly greater in the kangaroo care group than that in the control group during the period of performing the kangaroo care. 2. No significant difference was revealed between the two groups in heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation and core temperature. The kangaroo care group also showed significant increases in the skin temperature. 3. The differences in the levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and 17-OHCS were not significant between the kangaroo care and the control groups. The level of norepinephrine in the two groups was significantly increased over time. 4. Sleep pattern changed significantly in the kangaroo group from a very restless sleep to a very quiet sleep. These results suggest that kangaroo care is an effective nursing intervention for premature infants in gaining weight, achieving stable physiological responses and facilitating a quiet sleep.

• Composites Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.297-310
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• 2015

This study aims to develop efficient composite laminates for buckling load enhancement, interlaminar shear stress minimization, and weight reduction. This goal is achieved through cover-skin lay-ups around skins and stiffeners, which amplify bending stiffness and defer delamination by means of effective stress distribution. The design problem is formulated as multi-objective optimization that maximizes buckling load capability while minimizing both maximum out-of-plane shear stress and panel weight. For efficient optimization, response surface methodology is employed for buckling load, two out-of-plane shear stresses, and panel weight with respect to one ply thickness, six fiber orientations of a skin, and four stiffener heights. Numerical results show that skin-covered composite stiffened panels can be devised for maximum buckling load and minimum interlaminar shear stresses under compressive load. In addition, the effects of different material properties are investigated and compared. The obtained results reveal that the composite stiffened panel with Kevlar material is the most effective design.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in skin temperature and thermal comfort of participants in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (the recommended room temperature in the winter) depending on age, sex and clothing weight. Subjects were divided into four groups (6 young males, 5 young females, 6 old males, 6 old females) and experimental trials consisted of three conditions: wearing underwear in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (19CUW), without underwear in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (19C), and without underwear in a $24^\circ{C}$ room (24C). The results indicated the following: 1) There were no significant differences in mean skin temperature based on age or sex, and the mean skin temperatures of the four groups were in the range of 32.4∼$34.0^\circ{C}$. 2) In the 19C condition, the skin temperatures of the hands and feet of old females were higher than those of the other three groups. 3) In terms of perceived thermal comfort, young females showed a tendency to feel the most uncomfortable. Both old and young groups agreed that the 24C condition was the most comfortable. 4) Relational coefficients between thermal comfort and skin temperatures were higher in the young group than in the old group. Furthermore, the perceived thermal comfort had a stronger relationship with mean skin temperatures than with local skin temperatures. 5) The mean skin temperatures of subjects who indicated they were 'comfortable' were in the range of 31∼$36^\circ{C}$ regardless of age or sex.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.681-682
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• 2008

This paper propose skin color detection that uses MLP(Multi Layer Perceptron) and multiple color models. The proposed method reduces weight of MLP by partial connection between input layer and hidden layer based on color models, and the using color models are RGB model and YCbCr model. The experimental result for proposed method showed 94% classification rate of skin and non-skin pixels with 32% decrease in the number of weight compare to general MLP on the average.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2011

In this work, we have investigated the effect of polyoxyethylene alkyl ester nonionic surfactants on percutaneous permeation enhancement of a model drug, ketoprofen. We also investigated the mechanism involved in the enhancement using impedance and solubility measurement. Three groups of nonionic surfactants with different ethylene oxide content were studied. The permeation results showed that all surfactants enhanced the percutaneous absorption, irrespective of the molecular weight. The permeation results from PEG-45 monostearate (PEGMS45) were rather unexpected. Impedance and solubility results indicate that the mechanism involved in the enhancement of permeation by PEG-10 monooleate (PEGMO10) and PEGMS45 is rather different. The results from PEGMS45 suggest that it could be a potential candidate as a skin penetration enhancer with high molecular weight, which may poses less skin irritation and systemic side effect than the smaller surfactant molecules. Overall, this work provided some useful information on percutaneous transport enhancement and the mechanistic insights involved in skin permeation for these nonionic surfactants.