• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.178-191
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• 2003

OMC is essentialiy necessary compound in sun goods as organic UV protecting products. But the skin-trouble problem is raising because of skin penetration of OMC. In this study, non-capsulated pure OMC was compared with Organic-Inorganic-Nano-hybrid OMC for skin penetration force and SPF degree. Organic- Inorganic Nano-Hybrid OMC is OMC trapped in the pore of the mesoporous silica synthesized by the sol-gel method after OMC is nanoemulsified in the system of the hydrogenated Lecithin/ Ethanol/caprylic/capric triglyceride/OMC/water. OMC- nano- emulsion was obtained by a microfluidizing process at 1000bar and then micelle size in the nanoemulsion solution is 100-200nm range. Mesoporous silica nano-hybrid OMC was prepared by the process; surfactant was added in dissolved OMC-Nanoemulsion, then the rod Micelle was formed. OMC-nanoemulsion was capsulated in this rod Micelle and then silica precursor was added in the OMC-nanoemulsion solution. Through the hydrolysis reaction of the silica precursor, mesoporous silica concluding OMC-Nanocapsulation was obtained. The nano-hybrid surface of this OMC-Nanoemulsion-Inorganic system was treated with polyalkyl-silane compound. OMC-Mesoporous silica Nano-hybrids coated with polyalkyl-silane compound show the higher sun protecting factor (SPF Analyzer: INDEX 10-15) than pure OMC and could reduce a skin penetration of OMC. The physico-chemical properties of these nano-hybrids measured on the SPF index, partical size, strcture, specific surface area, pore size, morphology, UV absorption, rate of the OMC dissolution using SPF Analyzer, Laser light scattering system, XRD, BET, SEM, chroma Meter, HPLC, Image analyzer, microfluidizer, UV/VIS. spectrometer.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2016

RS White (resorcinol bis-ethylhexanoate) is used in cosmetics as a skin whitening agent. In this study, we studied the possibility of nano-emulsion formation containing whitening agent, RS White, with different types of emulsifying agents. With Tween 80, 60, HCO 60 and 40 as a hydrophilic surfactants and Span 80 as ahydrophilic surfactant, nano-emulsions were formed at appropriate concentrations, but they were not formed in the system using the Myrj 52, Montanov L, and Tegocare 450 with Span 80. The diameter of nano-emulsion sphere was smaller than 100 nm. The emulsion showed a translucent appearance and maintained stability in stability evaluation with time. In vitro skin permeation experiments showed that amounts of skin permeated nano-emulsion for 24 h were $70.84{\mu}g/cm^2$ and those of O/W emulsion were $28.97{\mu}g/cm^2$. In conclusion, a stable nano-emulsion containing the resorcinol bis-ethylhexanoate is effective for potential efficacy system as an efficient delivery system of the functional materials into skin.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.256-262
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• 2016

The need for natural cosmetic ingredients has been increasing over the world nowadays. Agarose, a natural polymer from red seaweeds, has high hydrophilic character and a function of scaffolder. As skin moisturizer, agarose is adequate for percutaneous absorption. While, blueberry fruits extract possesses rich procyanidins and anthocyanins which show health benefits, anti-oxidant effect, anti-aging and anti-melanogenesis. Stability, sensory preference, skin trouble of the emulsion formula are important for cosmetic product development. In this study, we manufactured an emulsion formula for skin moisturizers using the two ingredients and tested emulsion stability and skin trouble. Total phenolic contents of the blueberry fruits extract were evaluated as well as tyrosinase inhibitory and collagenase inhibitory activities. $IC_{50}$ values of blueberry fruits extract for anti-tyrosinase and anti-collagenase activities were 168 and $112{\mu}g/mL$, respectively using gallic acid as a control ($64.8{\mu}g/mL$). The stability (pH and viscosity) of the formula containing 2% blueberry fruits extracts and 0.1% agarose was measured at five different temperatures (room temp., $25^{\circ}C$, $55^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$, $55^{\circ}C$) under the sun light at 2 day intervals for 12 days. There has been little pH change at the different temperatures. According to the sensory evaluation, there was no significant flavor, discoloration and physical changes of the formula at $25-65^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that emulsion formula containing blueberry extract and agarose could be used as a candidate for lotion and essence products.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2012

Angelica gigas is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in Asia. Root extract of Angelica gigas is known to have anti-oxidant activity and skin whitening effect. The aim of this study was to prepare microemulsion system of root extracts of Angelica gigas for topical delivery. Microemulsion was successfully prepared by using MCT (medium chain triglyceride) as an oil phase, Labrasol as a surfactant, and the mixture of propyleneglycol and phosphatidylcholine (4 : 1) as a cosurfactant. In vitro and in vivo skin permeation and deposition of decursin, as a marker, was determined using hairless mouse. Microemulsion significantly increased the in vitro skin permeation of decursin for up to 12 hours and was significantly higher than the control (water). Moreover, microemulsion formulation showed significantly higher skin deposition of decursin compared to the control in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Thus, microemulsion could be a useful vehicle for topical application of root extracts of Angelica gigas.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3183-3188
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• 2015

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of skin lesions, which is a health effect of chronic arsenic (As) exposure, and determine the hair/blood arsenic concentrations of people living in Kutahya villages who are using and drinking tap water with a high concentration of arsenic. Materials and Methods: A total of 303 people were included in the present cross-sectional study. A prepared questionnaire form was used to collect the participants' information and environmental history. Skin examination was performed on all participants. Hair, blood and water samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The cumulative arsenic index (CAI) was calculated for all participants. Results: Villages were divided into two groups according to the arsenic level (<$20{\mu}g/L$, Group I; >$20{\mu}g/L$, Group II) in their water. The prevalence of skin lesions, hair and blood arsenic level, and CAI were found to be higher in the Group II participants. There was a positive association between body arsenic levels and CAI in the participants of each group. Conclusions: The number of skin lesions and arsenic concentrations in body samples were found to increase with the water arsenic level and exposure time. We hope that sharing this study's results with local administrators will help accelerate the rehabilitation of water sources in Kutahya.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2001

The skin penetration rate of methidathion in vitro and pharmacokinetics of methidathion in vivo were studied with male Sprague-Dawley rats by dermal treatment. The in vitro skin penetration rates for Sprague-Dawley rats of methidathion technical (50 mg, 100 ${mu}ell$) and emulsifable concentrate (EC,40mg, 100${mu}ell$) were determined as 18.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/c $m^2$/h (RSD : 6.5) and 18.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/c $m^2$/h (RSD : 3.2), respectively. Dose-related systemic exposure (AUC) was observed in rats after dermal treatment. The corresponding AUC, $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$, and $T_{1}$2/ of methidathion in plasma were 1.5$\mu\textrm{g}$.hr/ml, 6 h, 0.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, and 16 h, for 116mg/kg doses, 3.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$. hr/ml, 8 h, 0.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, and 23 h, for 232 mg/kg doses and 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$. hr/ml, 12 h, 0.32 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, and 20 h, for 1,160 mg/kg doses respectively. The urinary excretion of methidathion, estimated wing an equation derived from the in vitro skin penetration study was 0.24~0.35% of the absorbed dose. The concentration of methidathion in kidney was higher than that in liver. Dose-dependent absorption and excretion of methidathion without saturation was observed under in vivo experimental condition.n.n.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

The skin exposure to solar irradiation and photoreactive xenobiotics may produce abnormal skin reaction, phototoxicity. Phototoxicity is an acute light-induced response, which occurs when photoreacive chemicals are activated by solar lights and transformed into products cytotoxic against the skin cells. Multifarious symptoms of phototoxicity are identified, skin irritation, erythema, pruritis, and edema that are similar to those of the exaggerated sunburn. Diverse organic chemicals, especially drugs, are known to induce phototoxicity, which is probably from the common possession of UV-absorbing benzene or heterocyclic rings in their molecular structures. Both UVB (290~320 nm) and UVA (320~400 nm) are responsible for the manifestation of phototoxicity. Absorption of photons and absorbed energy (hv) by photoactive chemicals results in molecular changes or generates reactive oxygen species and depending on the way how endogenous molecules are affected by phototoxicants, mechanisms of phototoxcity is categorized into two modes of action: Direct when unstable species from excited state directly react with the endogenous molecules, and indirect when endogeneous molecules react with secondary photoproducts. In order to identify phototoxic potential of a chemical, various test methods have been introduced. Focus is given to animal alternative test methods, i.e., in vitro, and in chemico assays as well as in vivo. 3T3 neutral red uptake assay, erythrocyte photohemolysis test, and phototoxicity test using human 3-dimensional (3D) epidermis model are examples of in vitro assays. In chemico methods evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species or DNA strand break activity employing plasmid for chemicals, or drugs with phototoxic potential.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.108-115
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• 2020

In this study, the flexural performance of Highly Ductile Cement Composites(HDCC) mimicking boundary conditions of shellfish skin layer was evaluated. To improve ductility by mimicking the boundary skin layer structure of shellfish, the method of stratification by charging between precast panels using HDCC and the method of distributing PE-mesh to the interface surface were applied. Evaluation of flexural performance of layered cement composite materials mimicking boundary conditions of shellfish skin layer resulted in increased ductility of all test specimens applied with stratified cross-section compared to typical bending test specimens. The layered method by inserting PE-mesh showed excellent ductility. This is most likely because the inserted PE-mesh made an interface for separating the layers while the HDCC pillars in the PE-mesh gave adhesion between layers.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2016

This study was aimed to enhance the percutaneous absorption of tizanidine hydrochloride (TZ) across Strat-M$^{TM}$ artificial membrane and excised hairless mouse skin using various vehicles and chemical permeation enhancers. Solubility studies were performed using hydrophilic and lipophilic vehicles. To initially evaluate vehicle effects on skin permeation, Strat-M$^{TM}$ membrane was adopted using Franz-type diffusion cells loaded with 0.4 mg donor dose. Effects of fatty acids on the permeation of TZ from PG and PGMC were compared, and the effects of various hydrophilic vehicles in the presence of linoleic acid were studied using excised hairless mouse skin specimens. The mean solubility (mg/ml) of TZ in hydrophilic vehicles was higher: water > PG > DMSO > ethanol > PEG 200 > NMP > PEG 300 > PEG 400 > DGME, and solubilities in lipophilic vehicles such as PGMC, PGMC, IPM, Captex 200 and Captex 300 were much less than 1.0 mg/ml. Permeation rates through StratTM membrane from pure vehicles were in the rank order: PGMC ${\geq}$ LBF > DMSO ${\geq}$ NMP ${\geq}$ PGML ${\geq}$ PG ${\geq}$ PEG 200 ${\geq}$ DGME ${\geq}$ EtOH. However, permeation rates of TZ through hairless mouse skin from pure vehicles were very low, although PG showed the highest flux ($1.66{\pm}0.28{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$). Therefore, PG was selected in further studies. Addition of enhancers (3 v/v%) into PG markedly increased the flux (${\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$): oleyl alcohol ($14.9{\pm}3.1$) ${\geq}$ oleic acid ($14.5{\pm}1.6$) ${\geq}$ linoleic acid ($13.7{\pm}1.3$) > capric acid ($4.4{\pm}0.6$) > caprylic acid ($2.1{\pm}0.4$). Among hydrophilic vehicles with linoleic acid, PG and DMSO revealed relatively higher permeation for TZ. Increase of donor dose in PG resulted in dose-dependent permeation fluxes. These results suggest that permeation properties of TZ from nonaqueous solutions are markedly different between Strat-$M^{TM}$ membrane and excised hairless mouse skin, and transdermal delivery of TZ would be feasible with a combination of PG and enhancers.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.447-453
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• 2018

Acetyl hexapeptide 8 (AH8) is a synthetic peptide for anti-wrinkle cosmetics ingredient. It was developed as a mimetic of botox, patternd after N -terminal end of the protein synatosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25), a substrate of botulinum toxin. While AH8 has good efficacy and safety profiles, the permeation through the skin is poor. Therefore, we tried to enhance the transdermal delivery of AH8 by using of hyaluonic acid (HA), a linear polysaccharide of N-acetyl glucosamine and glucuronic acid. To investigate the effect of HA on AH8 penetration, we analyzed paraffin sections of $Micropig^{(R)}$ skin. Fluorescence labeled AH8 was applied to micropig skin with or without HA. The absorption of AH8 was limited to the stratum corneum (SC) without HA. On the other hand, AH8 penetrated to the dermis with HA. Especially, low molecular weight HA (5 kDa) was most efficient compared to 500 kDa HA and 2000 kDa HA. Experiments using fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that lower molecular weight HA had a tendency to increase the fluidity of the SC lipids more, which means enhancing the skin penetration. Therefore, HA could be expected to enhance the anti-wrinkle effect of AH8.