• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.94-110
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• 2008

This study examines the unemployment and labor market demand dynamics as well as their implication for social exclusion in the metropolitan areas of Korea since the financial crisis of 1997. The unemployment research containing significant implication for social exclusion is a key area to be explored with the research of skill and income polarization due to structural economic transformation. Skill polarization usually results in the job loss for some people, which most likely leads to the economic deprivation and social exclusion. The unemployment rate and its regional disparity began to fall since 2000, but the disparity reversed to increase after 2005. The labor market dynamics of the metropolitan areas are turned out to be related with the size of the city and the relative shares of both manufacturing and service sectors. In addition, the employment growth is turned out to be related with the changes of both output and productivity. It is also found that the unemployment is affected with the job change and the tertiarization of the economy. However, it is of more significance to recognize that the dynamics and patterns of the labor market in the metropolitan areas are quite spatially differentiated and the differentiation is likely determined by the factors such as industrial structure, employment dynamics and job demand changes.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2006

To demonstrate the effect of formulation conditions and evaluations of structural integrity from ovalbumin containing poly lactide glycolide copolymer (PLGA) microspheres for Vaccine delivery, OVA microspheres were prepared by a W/O/W multiple emulsion solvent extraction technique. Dichloromethan (DCM) and Ethyl acetate (EA) were applied as an organic phase and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) as a secondary emulsion stabilizer. Microspheres were characterized for particle size, morphology (optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)). Protein denaturation was evaluated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Residual organic solvent was estimated by gas chromatography (GC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Optical photomicrograph and SEM revealed that micro spheres were typically spherical but various morphologies were observed. Mean particle size $(d_{vs})$ of microspheres were in the range of $3{\sim}50{\mu}m$. Also, The protein stability was not affected by the fonnulation process and residual organic solvent was beyond the detection below 0.1ppm. These results demonstrated that micro spheres might be a good candidate for the parenteral vaccine delivery system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1054-1062
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• 2010

Oxidative coupling reactions of humic substances (HS) can be catalyzed by a variety of natural extracellular enzymes and metal oxides. In this study, property changes of HS induced by a natural enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the effect of it to microfiltration (MF) were investigated. PAHA was transformed by oxidative coupling reaction with HRP and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), verifying the catalytic effects of the HRP. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) revealed that weight-average molecular weight (MWw) of PAHA was proportionally increased with the dosages of HRP and $H_2O_2$, indicating the transform action of HS into larger and complex molecules. An increase in the conformational stability of HS was achieved through the promotion of intermolecular covalent bondings between heterogeneous humic molecules. Spectroscopic analysis (fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy) proved that functional groups were transformed by the reaction. Additionally, HS and transformed products were undergone microfiltration (MF) to examine the treatment potential of them in a water treatment facility. Original HS could not be removed by MF but larger molecules of transformed products could be removed. Meanwhile, transformed products caused more fouling on the filtration than original HS. This results proved that natural organic matter (NOM) can be removed by MF after its increase in molecular size by oxidative coupling reaction.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.70-79
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• 2015

A sample of soil humic acid (HA) was divided by ultrafiltration (UF) into five fractions of different molecular size (UF₁: > 300, UF₂: 100~300, UF₃: 30~100, UF₄: 10~30, UF₅: 1~10 kilodaltons). Apparent average molecular weight (M_w) of the HA fractions were measured using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), and the chemical and structural properties of the five HA fractions were characterized by elemental compositions (H/C, O/C and w ((2O + 3NH)/ C)) and ultraviolet-visible absorption ratios (SUVA, A_4/6). The organic carbon normalized-sorption coefficients (Koc) for the binding of phenanthrene to the HA fractions were determined by fluorescence quenching and relationship between the sorption coefficients and structural characteristics of the HA fractions were investigated. The elemental analysis and UV-vis spectral data indicated that the HA fractions with higher molecular weights have grater aliphatic character and lower contents of oxygen, while the HA fractions with lower molecular size have greater aromatic character and molecular polarity that correspond to greater SUVA and internal oxidation values (w). The log Koc values (L/kg C) were gradual increased from 4.45 for UF₅ to 4.87 for UF1. The correlation study between the structural descriptors of the HA fractions and log Koc values of phenanthrene show that the magnitude of Koc values positively correlated with $M_w$ and H/C, while negatively correlated with the independent descriptors of the O/C, w, SUVA and A_4/6.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.11-16
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• 2009

Public rental apartment has suffered social exclusion problem, stemmed from its closed planing for a very specific range of the disadvantaged population. Thereby, it has been recognized as a disliked residential facility. To alleviate this problem, various approaches have been tried such as ownership-tenant mixture, and different unit size mixture. The purpose of this study is to grasp the expected social relation among neighboring residents according to socially integrative planing elements such as ownership, unit size and family life cycle match. Thirty eight graduate students in architecture and housing field responded to the questionnaire which was specifically made to identify relations of 28 neighboring situations based on $2{\times}2{\times}2$ variable composition. Frequency, percentage and MDS(multidimensional scaling) were used to analyze data. As a result, the order of preferred matchy were identified. The match between rental/small/children group and ownership/middle/children group was turned out to be the most desirable while the match between rental/small/children family group and rental/small/elderly group was found the least desirable. Spatial representations of the relationships among 8 household types were delineated. In conclusion, the definite patterns of the favorable and unfavorable match were found. This result is expected to be used as a reference in developing a strategic match to promote the rental apartments social integration in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2006

As the interest in environmental pollution resulting from recent industrial development is converging, wastewater treatment problem of dying processing is one of important pending issue. Usually, flow mediation earth and settling pond etc. of processing plant to handle water or wastewater. Mediation is the wastewater that flowed past settling pond than material of heavy particles, water weight colloid particles that big solids are removed but are suspensibility material settlement exclusion impossible. So, we need flocculation and coagulation action to remove materials from this colloid state. For flocculation and coagulation action chemical agents to add back, addition of chemical agents forms floc of could settle size. That is, shorten the sedimentation time and quality of processing water because promoting sedimentation doing to do fines or suspended solids and colloid can materials large size and also, flocculation to annex efficiency of filtration augment. Therefore, I executed this research to prove that improving organic matter and chromaticity of treated water of processing epochally using organic coagulant informed positive ion co-polymerization superior in color wastewater through this research.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.4253-4257
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• 2011

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) were employed to characterize and compare ricin E purified from the small grain seeds of Ricinus communis with ricin D isoform. During the purification of ricin E using ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography, SDS-CGE was found to be useful for monitoring the efficiencies of purification steps. SDS-CGE showed that the molecular size of ricin E was not significantly different from that of ricin D, which was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CIEF was useful for discriminating ricin E from ricin D based on their isoelectric points (pI). The pI values of ricin E and D were 8.6-8.8 and 7.0-7.4, respectively. This study demonstrates the usefulness of SDS-CGE and CIEF for the characterization of ricin toxins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.107-111
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• 2008

Usually, flow mediation earth and settling pond etc. of processing plant to handle water or wastewater. Mediation is the wastewater that flowed past settling pond than material of heavy particles, water weight colloid particles that big solids are removed but are suspensibility material settlement exclusion impossible. So, we need flocculation and coagulation action to remove materials from this colloid state. Flocculation and coagulation by addition of chemical agents forms floc settle size. That is, shorten the sedimentation time and quality of processing water because promoting sedimentation doing to do fines or suspended solids and colloid can materials large size and also, flocculation to annex efficiency of filtration augment. Therefore, I executed this research to prove that COD efficiency for wastewater by using inorganic coagulant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 1997

A novel protein (HEAAE, High Essential Amino Acid Encoding Protein), rich in essential amino acids ($75{\%}$ of total), was designed and constructed in our laboratory. The designed peptides were analyzed by SYBLE and stable secondary and tertiary structures were predicted. The monomeric form (HEAAE-1) of the protein consists of 20 amino acid residues with four additional amino acids comprising a potential ${\beta}$-turn (HEAAE-4). Size exclusion analysis demonstrated that the monomer is self-aggregates in aqueous solution to form higher ordered multimeric structures, which are very reminiscent of natural plant storage proteins. The DNA encoding this amino acid sequence was synthesized, and from this monomeric gene fragment (heaae-1), the stable tetrameric form of the gene (heaae-4) was generated by subcloning into the E. coli expression vector pKK223-3. A clear 6 kDa polypeptide band corresponding to the molecular weight of the dimeric form (HEAAE-2) was detected. The smeared band which appeared around the molecular weight corresponding to HEAAE-4 of 11 kDa suggested that the tetramer form of this protein might be processed into smaller size products.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 2022

This study aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizers in the management of symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). Electronic online databases and manual searches were performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between January 2010 and February 2022. RCTs comparing photodynamic therapy (PDT) and corticosteroid therapy at baseline and follow-up period were identified. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. A meta-analysis was performed regarding visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Thongprasom sign scores, lesion size, response to treatment, and exacerbation of lesions after therapy. The clinical severity was analyzed qualitatively. Five RCTs consisting of 180 samples fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All parameters of VAS score, Thongprasom sign score, lesion size, and response to treatment were statistically non-significant. Our results indicate that both MB-PDT and corticosteroid therapy are effective for the management of OLP. Moreover, MB-PDT is an effective alternative treatment option for OLP when corticosteroids are contraindicated. However, conclusive evidence cannot be ascertained owing to the heterogeneity among the studies.