• BMB Reports
• /
• 제35권6호
• /
• pp.537-546
• /
• 2002

NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel transcription factor family participates in diverse biological processes including embryo development, hematopoiesis, immune regulation, as well as neuronal functions. In this review, the NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel signal transduction pathways and their important roles in the regulation of immune system will be discussed. NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel members execute distinct functions in multiple immune cell types via the regulation of target genes essential for cell proliferation, survival, effector functions, cell trafficking and communication, as well as the formation of lymphoid architecture. Consequently, proper activation of NF-${\kappa}B$/Rel during immune responses to allergens, auto-antigens, allo-antigens, and pathogenic infection is crucial for the integrity of host innate and adaptive immunity.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제39권8호
• /
• pp.587-593
• /
• 2016

As sessile organisms, plants must be able to adapt to the environment. Plants respond to the environment by adjusting their growth and development, which is mediated by sophisticated signaling networks that integrate multiple environmental and endogenous signals. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that a bHLH transcription factor PIF4 plays a major role in the multiple signal integration for plant growth regulation. PIF4 is a positive regulator in cell elongation and its activity is regulated by various environmental signals, including light and temperature, and hormonal signals, including auxin, gibberellic acid and brassinosteroid, both transcriptionally and post-translationally. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the circadian clock and metabolic status regulate endogenous PIF4 level. The PIF4 transcription factor cooperatively regulates the target genes involved in cell elongation with hormone-regulated transcription factors. Therefore, PIF4 is a key integrator of multiple signaling pathways, which optimizes growth in the environment. This review will discuss our current understanding of the PIF4-mediated signaling networks that control plant growth.

• 센서학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 2008

In order to measure bio-signals, it is desirable to build a fully implantable system which connects directly to neural pathways or body tissue. A design scheme for fully implementable measurement system is proposed in this paper. Consisting of an implanted module and an external system, the proposed scheme delivers power and data between the two modules. The external module sends power via inductive link using a simple H-bridge type oscillator. Also, the implanted module sends measured data to the external system utilizing R/F communication technique at a frequency of ISM band. A stable communication and operation is achieved as the two types of channels are separated. Implemented in a compact size enough to be implanted in human body, the system exhibits good performance in experimental studies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권10호
• /
• pp.5637-5644
• /
• 2013

The definite molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) remain to be completely elucidated. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs which are implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and even carcinogenesis through negatively regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. EBV was the first human virus found to express miRNAs. EBV-encoded BART-miRNAs and dysregulated cellular miRNAs are involved in carcinogenesis of NPC by interfering in the expression of viral and host cell genes related to immune responses and perturbing signal pathways of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and even radio-chemo-therapy sensitivity. Additional studies on the roles of EBV-encoded miRNAs and cellular miRNAs will provide new insights concerning the complicated gene regulated network and shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of NPC.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.182-186
• /
• 2011

Exogenous stimuli such as nerve growth factor (NGF) exert their effects on neurite outgrowth via Trk neurotrophin receptors. TrkA receptors are known to be ubiquitinated via proteasome inhibition in the presence of NGF. However, the effect of proteasome inhibition on neurite outgrowth has not been studied extensively. To clarify these issues, we investigated signaling events in PC12 cells treated with NGF and the proteasome inhibitor MG132. We found that MG132 facilitated NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and potentiated the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways and TrkA receptors. MG132 stimulated internalization of surface TrkA receptor and stabilized intracellular TrkA receptor, and the $Ub^{K63}$ chain was found to be essential for stability. These results indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome system potentiated neurite formation by regulating the stability of TrkA receptors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.299-308
• /
• 2017

Oxidative stress suppresses animal health, performance, and production, subsequently impacting economic feasibility; hence, maintaining and improving oxidative status especially through natural nutrition strategy are essential for normal physiological process in animals. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring antioxidants that could be considered as one of the most promising materials used in animal diets in various forms. In this review, their antioxidant effects on animals are discussed as reflected by improved apparent performance, productivity, and the internal physiological changes. Moreover, the antioxidant actions toward animals further describe a molecular basis to elucidate their underlying mechanisms targeting signal transduction pathways, especially through the antioxidant response element/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 transcription system.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 2006

Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (Jab1) is involved in various cellular mechanisms including development in Drosophila and mouse, cell cycle control and signal transduction pathways. Recent studies also determined that Jab1 functions as a nuclear exporter and inducer of cytoplasmic degradation for several proteins including p53, p27, capsid of West Nile virus, and Smad4/7 proteins. In particular, p53 is shown to bind to and to be exported into the cytoplasm by Jab1, which helps to maintain low levels of p53 under normal conditions. This review was undertaken in an effort to understand the biological significance of the homeostasis of p53 as maintained in the presence of Jab1. Based on our observations, we have provided potential mechanistic hypotheses for the nuclear export of p53 in coordination with Jab1 and the role of other factors in these processes.

• 수산해양교육연구
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.1266-1272
• /
• 2016

Phospholipase C is a key enzyme of signaling pathways hydrolyzed phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to generate 2 second messengers. Among the PLC, $PLC-{\beta}$ subfamily consisted of 4 isoforms, $PLC-{\beta}$ 1~4. Here, we studied the tissue specific expression of $PLC-{\beta}3$ in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) following external stimulation like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (ConA) and environmental stress compared with the inflammatory cytokines IL-1b. $PoPLC-{\beta}3$ gene transcripts has the effect in stimulated tissue compared to control. These results provide what we sure to be a important role for $PLC-{\beta}3$ activity in tissue and verify $PLC-{\beta}3$ as potential immune enzyme for signal transduction.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제59권6호
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 2015

Aim of the present study was to investigate whether methanol extract from the leaves of Staphylea bumalda could be used to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophage cell lines, Raw 264.7 cells. The extract reduced nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines production from LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. These inhibitory effects were associated with decreases in the phosphorylation of MAP kinases and the activity of $NF{\kappa}B$ signal pathways. Our results indicate that Staphylea bumalda significantly inhibits the inflammatory activity of activated macrophages, suggesting that Staphylea bumalda could be a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.398-403
• /
• 2003

To investigate the relationship between structure and biological activity of phenylpropanoids, we measured effects of phenylpropanoids on anti-oxidant and whitening activity, In DPPH radical scavenging activity, caffeic acid analogues showed the significant anti-oxidant activity. Although phenylpropanoids did not inhibit purified-tyrosinase activity, they significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin production in MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma cells. However, phenylpropanoids did not affect tyrosinase expression in MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma cells, which suggest that inhibition of MSH-induced melanin production was due to tyrosinase inhibition mediated via other signal pathways but not expression of tyrosinase. Phenylpropanoids also significantly inhibited both hyaluronidase and elastase activity, suggesting that phenylpropanoids may be used as whitening, hydration and anti-wrinkling agents. Hydroxyl residue of aromatic ring in phenylpropanoids plays an important role in anti-oxidant and whitening activity.