• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.249-257
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• 2007

사각파 모형은 회분식 공정-저장조 망구조의 최적설계에 성공적으로 적용되었다. 설계된 망구조는 재순환 흐름을 포함하는 회분식의 모든 생산 재고 및 분배 체계를 내포한다. 본 연구에는 사각파 모형의 적용범위를 연속 또는 회분식 공정 뿐 만 아니라 반연속 공정에 까지 확대하려 한다. 이전의 연구에서는 원료조성이나 제품수율은 알려진 상수로 취급되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 제약이 완화되어 원료조성이나 제품 수율이 최적화 되어져야 하는 독립변수로 취급된다. 이러한 수정은 정유공장에서 흔히 접하는 최적제품 배합문제를 취급할 수 있게 한다. 원료조성과 제품수율이 독립변수일 때 발생하는 많은 문제의 복잡성에도 불구하고 사각파 모형은 여전히 해석적인 최적용량 공식을 제공한다. 최적공장설계에 적용되는 본 연구의 유용성은 고밀도 폴리에틸렌 공장설계의 예를 통해 나타내었다. 연구결과를 토대로 모든 공정의 최적성을 비교할 수 있는 척도를 제시하였다. 이 척도는 다수의 공정의 성능을 직접 비교할 수 있게 하므로 공정의 상태를 진단하는 유용한 도구가 될 것이다. 공정의 비용이 유속의 제곱근에 비례한다는 결과는 공장설계에서 늘리 알려진 6/10 경험법칙과 유사하다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 CDD-DSF 릴레이 기법을 적용한 MC-CDMA 시스템을 다중경로 레일리 페이딩 채널에 대해 제안한다. 일반적인 DSF 기법들과는 다르게 CDD 방법의 적용시 각 릴레이는 하나의 채널을 통하여 신호를 전송한다. 따라서 릴레이들과 수신단 사이의 채널들은 넓게 시간 확산된 하나의 채널로 간주된다. 그리고 릴레이 네트워크의 협력 다이버시티는 제안된 CDD 기법의 MC-CDMA 시스템에서 주파수 다이버시티로 획득된다. 또한 CDD-DSF 릴레이 기법에 대한 평균 오류율을 의사 분석기법을 통하여 제시한다. 성능분석 및 모의실험 결과를 통하여 제안된 CDD-DSF 기법이 주파수 효율 저하 없이 협력 다이버시티를 획득할 수 있음을 확인한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.621-629
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 Kelvin의 기본해와 초기응력 증분에 의해 정식화된 경계적분방 정식을 이용하여 점차적으로 외력을 증가시켰을 때, 선형등방경화재에 국부적으로 생 기는 항복영역과 항복하중, 탄소성 응력해석등을 재료비선형문제로 해석하였다. 이 때 초기응력 증분을 결정함에 있어서 종래에는 등가 소성변형률을 수렴판정으로 해석 하였지만, 이는 구분적인 선형 경화재와 온도 의존성 문제에는 적당하지 않으므로 암 기용일등은 등가응력과 응력-변형률 선도를 이용하여 수렴판정을 하였다. 그러나 이 방법은 소성역에서의 기울기가 변화하는 곳에서는 피할 수 없는 오차가 존재한다. 따라서 여기에서는 계산된 초기응력 증분에 의한 초기 탄성변형률에너지 증분과 응력 -변형률선도로 부터 구해지는 초기 탄성변형률에너지 증분을 이용한 수렴판정으로 초 기응력증분을 결정하였다. 또한, 내부영역적분을 일부 해석적인 적분과 수치적분을 병행한 경우와 전부 수치적분방법으로 내압을 받는 실린더와 단순 인장하중이 작용하 는 양편 Ⅴ형 노치를 갖는 박판의 경우에 적용하여 해석하였으며, 그 결과를 유한요소 법 프로그램인 NISA(numerically integrated elements for system analysis)로 구한 결과치와 비교, 고찰하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.455-466
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• 2020

This paper presents analysis of the interaction between tunnel and Qanat with a particular interest for the optimization of Qanat shape using the discrete element code, PFC2D, and the results will be compared with the FEM results of PLAXIS2D. For these concerns, using software PFC2D based on Discrete Element Method (DEM), a model with dimension of 100m ^⁎ 100 m was prepared. A circular tunnel with dimension of 9 m was situated 20 m below the ground surface. Also one Qanat was situated perpendicularly above the tunnel roof. Distance between Qanat center and ground surface was 8 m. Five different shapes for Qanat were selected i.e., square, semi-circular, vertical ellipse, circular and horizontal ellipse. Confining pressure of 5 MPa was applied to the model. The vertical displacement of balls situated in ground surface was picked up to measure the ground subsidence. Also two measuring circles were situated at the tunnel roof and at the Qanat roof to check the vertical displacements. The properties of the alluvial soil of Tehran city are: γ_dry=19 (KN/㎥), E= 750 (kg/㎠), ν=0.35, c=0.3(kg/㎠), φ=34°. In order to validate the DEM results, a comparison between the numerical results (obtained in this study) and analytical and field monitoring have been done. The PFC2D results are compared with the FEM results. The results shows that when Qanat has rectangular shape, the tensile stress concentration at the Qanat corners has maximum value while it has minimum value for vertical ellipse shape. The ground subsidence for Qanat rectangular shape has maximum value while it has minimum value for ellipse shape of Qanat. The vertical displacements at the tunnel roof for Qanat rectangular shape has maximum value while it has minimum value for ellipse shape of Qanat. Historical shape of Qante approved the finding of this research.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.541-549
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• 1993

The main goal of this paper is to determine hydraulic properties and to predict drawdown for the efficient and stable development of groundwater in the Daejong-Chun area, North of Kyungsang-Do. Based on geological survey and analysis of well logging data conducted in 1991, it is found that the type of aquifer of this area is considered to be an anisotropic unconfined aquifer with saturated thickness of 19.8 m. In order to characterize this aquifer pumping test was conducted, and the resulting drawdown data were utilized for the analysis by applying both type curve matching technique and semi-log straight line method. As a result, the average specific yield of this aquifer is estimated as 32.3%, and the average ratio of $K_H$ to $K_V$ is only 2.7, which means that gravitational effect is not significant factor for this type of aquifer. For the validation of the estimated hydraulic properties, the analytical model which was developed with Newton-Raphson iteration procedure in this study, was employed to generate the drawdown. And, the resulting drawdown was compared against actual drawdown data and it shows the excellent matches. The actual drawdown data for 9 hours of pumping were used for history matching purposes and relatively satisfactory matches were achieved in this match. Then, the model was run by using the tuned parameters that are obtained during history matching stage, and the drawdown was predicted for the next 30 years of pumping with $3,000m^3/day$ of constant pumping rate. Its result indicates that the drawdown was stabilized as 1.41 m from 20 days with $3,000m^3/day$ of constant pumping rate, which is the required amount of water to be safely supplied to this area.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2018

Post-construction subgrade settlement especially differential settlement, has become a key issue in construction and operation of non-ballasted track on high-speed railway soil subgrade, which may also affect the dynamic performance of passing trains. To estimate the effect of differential subgrade settlement on the mechanical behaviors of the vehicle-slab track system, a detailed model considering nonlinear subgrade support and initial track state due to track self-weight is developed. Accordingly, analysis aiming at a typical high-speed vehicle coupled with a deteriorated slab track owing to differential subgrade settlement is carried out, in terms of two aspects: (i) determination of an initial mapping relationship between subgrade settlement and track deflections as well as contact state between track and subgrade based on a semi-analytical method; (ii) simulation of dynamic performance of the coupled system by employing a time integration approach. The investigation indicates that subgrade settlement results in additional track irregularity, and locally, the contact between the concrete track and the soil subgrade is prone to failure. Moreover, wheel-rail interaction is significantly exacerbated by the track degradation and abnormal responses occur as a result of the unsupported areas. Distributions of interlaminar contact forces in track system vary dramatically due to the combined effect of track deterioration and dynamic load. These may not only intensify the dynamic responses of the coupled system, but also have impacts on the long-term behavior of the track components.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.481-493
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• 2018

Ultrasonic guided waves have attracted increasing attention for non-destructive testing (NDT) and structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridge cables. They offer advantages like single measurement, wide coverage of acoustical field, and long-range propagation capability. To design defect detection systems, it is essential to understand how guided waves propagate in cables and how to select the optimal excitation frequency and mode. However, certain cable characteristics such as multiple wires, anchorage, and polyethylene (PE) sheath increase the complexity in analyzing the guided wave propagation. In this study, guided wave modes for multi-wire bridge cables are identified by using a semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) technique to obtain relevant dispersion curves. Numerical results indicated that the number of guided wave modes increases, the length of the flat region with a low frequency of L(0,1) mode becomes shorter, and the cutoff frequency for high order longitudinal wave modes becomes lower, as the number of steel wires in a cable increases. These findings were used in design of transducers for defect detection and selection of the optimal wave mode and frequency for subsequent experiments. A magnetostrictive transducer system was used to excite and detect the guided waves. The applicability of the proposed approach for detecting and locating wire breakages was demonstrated for a cable with 37 wires. The present ultrasonic guided wave method has been found to be very responsive to the number of brokenwires and is thus capable of detecting defects with varying sizes.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1986

A two-dimensional linear method has been developed for the motion and the second-order steady force arising from the hydrodynamic coupling between waves and currents in the presence of a body of arbitrary shape. Interaction between the incident wave and current in the absence of the body lies in the realm beyond our interest. A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind is employed in association with the Haskind's potential for a steadily moving source of pulsating strength located in or below the free surface. The numerical calculations at the preliminary stage showed a significant fluctuation of the hydrodynamic forces on the surface-piercing body. The problem is approximately solved by using the asymptotic Green function for $U^2{\rightarrow}0$. The original Green function, however, is applied for the fully submerged body. Numerical calculations are made for a submerged and for a half-immersed circular cylinder and extensively for the mid-ship section of a Lewis-form. Some of the results are compared with other analytical results without any available experimental data. The current has strong influence on roll motion near resonance. When the current opposes the waves, the roll response are generally negligible in the low frequency region. The current has strong influence on roll motion near resonance. When the current opposes the wave, the roll response decreases. When the current and wave come from the same direction, the roll response increases significantly, as the current speed increases. The mean drift forces and moment on the submerged body are more affected by current than those on the semi-immersed circular cylinder or on the ship-like section in the encounter frequency domain.

• 셀메드
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.2.1-2.8
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• 2021

The clinical condition Amnesia causes difficulty in learning new information and the inability to recall past events. It is primarily concerned with recent memory loss. Majoon-e-Nisyan (MJN) is a polyherbal Unani formulation, present in a semi-solid form. It is widely used potent drug of the Unani System of Medicine (USM) for treating Nisyan (amnesia). In the present study polyherbal Unani formulation, MJN has been studied for its quality control and acute toxicity. Standardization (quality control) of drugs deals with drug identity, drug quality and purity determination. Standardization of MJN had been done as per the Unani pharmacopoeial parameters approved by World Health Organization (WHO) - Pharmacognostical parameters, Physico-chemical parameters, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), microbial load, aflatoxin, and heavy metals. Solvents and chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade and used instrument were calibrated. By conducting an acute oral toxicity study in rats, the safety of MJN was assessed. The limit test method of OECD guideline 425 was followed in the study. Results of standardization and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for preparation of MJN may serve as the standard reference in the future. The data generated in the study for the quality control of MJN proved the quality of formulation and shows that MJN is not toxic in rats following acute dosing up to 2000 mg/kg bw. The data obtained in the paper for MJN may be used as a standard guideline for preparation of the formulation which can save time, cost, and resources for future research endeavours.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.345-372
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• 2021

The analysis of nonlinear vibrations, buckling, post-buckling, flutter boundary determination and post-flutter behavior of a homogeneous curved plate assuming cylindrical bending is conducted in this article. Other assumptions include simply-supported boundary conditions, supersonic aerodynamic flow at the top of the plate, constant pressure conditions below the plate, non-viscous flow model (using first- and third-order piston theory), nonlinear structural model with large deformations, and application of mechanical and thermal loads on the curved plate. The analysis is performed with constant environmental indicators (flow density, heat, Reynolds number and Mach number). The material properties (i.e., coefficient of thermal expansion and modulus of elasticity) are temperature-dependent. The equations are derived using the principle of virtual displacement. Furthermore, based on the definitions of virtual work, the potential and kinetic energy of the final relations in the integral form, and the governing nonlinear differential equations are obtained after fractional integration. This problem is solved using two approaches. The frequency analysis and flutter are studied in the first approach by transferring the handle of ordinary differential equations to the state space, calculating the system Jacobin matrix and analyzing the eigenvalue to determine the instability conditions. The second approach discusses the nonlinear frequency analysis and nonlinear flutter using the semi-analytical solution of governing differential equations based on the weighted residual method. The partial differential equations are converted to ordinary differential equations, after which they are solved based on the Runge-Kutta fourth- and fifth-order methods. The comparison between the results of frequency and flutter analysis of curved plate is linearly and nonlinearly performed for the first time. The results show that the plate curvature has a profound impact on the instability boundary of the plate under supersonic aerodynamic loading. The flutter boundary decreases with growing thermal load and increases with growing curvature.