• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2001

To seek for restoration method of Abies koreana forest with planting seedlings, Abies koreana seedlings(2, 3 and 5 year old) were planted by date(spring and summer) and surface treatment (coir-mat, coir-net and control) at Janggumok area in Hallasan. Survival rate and shoot growth of the seedlings were measured and compared by planting date, seedling age and surface treatments. For summer planting, survival rates of the seedlings are increased with increasing seedling ages, and those are not differed between surface treatments. For spring planting, survival rates of the seedlings are increased with decreasing seedling ages, and those are not differed between surface treatments. For summer planting, shoot growth of the seedlings are significantly differed between surface treatments. Shoot growth of the seedlings was the highest value 2.11mm at coir-matted plot, and the lowest value 1.49mm at control B)lot. Shoot growth of the seedlings are not differed between the seedling ages, but the highest shoot growth was 2.26mm at coir-matted and 3-year old plot. For spring planting, survival rates and shoot growth of the seedlings are not differed between seedling ages and surface treatments.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate effects of fertilization treatments (non-fertilizing, deep-fertilizing 20g, 50g, 100g, and surface-fertilizing 20g) on survival rate, growth performances, and seedling quality index (SQI) of container seedling and bare root seedling of Pinus densiflora in the field. There were no significantly differences in survival rate among fertilization treatments in the field. Besides, there was no toxic effect on seedling by over 100g fertilization in deep-fertilizing treatment. The root collar diameter and height of P. densiflora in both seedling types were the highest at 100g fertilization in deep-fertilizing treatments, and the biomass products and SQI were the same as above growth of root collar diameter and height. In most of the treatments, container seedlings showed better growth performances than bare root seedlings. In optimal fertilization, effect of fertilization was higher in container seedling than bare root seedling.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.359-367
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to find optimal planting season of the effect of vegetation competition around planting tree. This study evaluates the possibility of extending the planting period of containerized seedling of Pinus densiflora (1-0 year). We planted seedling at three different seasons (spring, summer, fall) at 18 plots in 3 locations. Planting sites were composed of vigorous vegetation (Site A) and less vigorous vegetation (Site B). For over 3 years, the study investigated survival rate, growth of root collar diameter and height, and biomass of containerized seedling of P. densiflora. In all sites, containerized seedling of P. densiflora showed high survival rate in summer planting. Height and root collar diameter of containerized seedling of P. densiflora were the highest in summer planting, but in the initial period after planting growth was not good. After time passed, growth rate was increased. Site B showed better growth than Site A. Biomass was the highest in summer planting and also the highest in Site B. These results suggest that planting period can be extended by using containerized seedling and vegetation control in the initial is very important for survival and growth of containerized seedling.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.709-717
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of root pruning intensity in combination with different initial seedling size on the growth of transplanting seedlings of Quercus acutissima. One-year-old seedlings were divided into three groups depending on their height, i.e. small (< 15 cm), medium (25-35 cm) and large size (35 cm <). Root of seedlings was pruned by three intensity such as, leaving 5 cm (severe), 10 cm (medium) and 15 cm (light) of taproot from the root-collar. After one year, we investigated survival rate, height and root-collar diameter (RCD) increment and final shoot dry weight. Also we measured characteristics of newly developed lateral roots such as number, total length, dry weight and diameter. Severe root pruning showed the lowest survival rate in all seedling size. Height increment, RCD increment and shoot dry weight were decreased with increasing intensity of root pruning. Seedlings of medium and light root pruning showed similar above-ground growth and dry weight of lateral roots. More large seedlings showed good survival rate, height increment and final shoot dry mass in all root pruning intensity. Therefore, one-year-old seedlings of Q. acutissima should be pruned taproot by 10 cm and transplanted to obtain excellent performance and increase the efficiency of transplanting work. Based on the findings of this study, it is important that applying to different root pruning intensity depending on initial seedling size for producing 2-year-old seedlings with excellent growth and high quality.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2012

Like any other natural resources, forest flora may experience the extreme threat of elevated temperature and saline water submergence at different stages of their lives i.e. from germination to maturity due to climate change effects. The overall aim of the study was to measure the effect of higher temperatures along with saline water irrigation on survival and initial growth during seedling stage of Artocarpus chapalasha. The experiment was conducted in temperature- humidity-photoperiod regulated plant growth chamber during stipulated period to measure the growth performance of randomly selected seedlings. Within three different elevated temperatures viz. $30^{\circ}C$, $32^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$, the seedlings were given three different saline conditions such as 0.5 g/L, 1.5 g/L and 2.5 g/L NaCl concentrations. Results found from the experiment was that, seedlings of Artocarpus chaplasha reared at different temperatures and saline water treatments showed stunted growth than reared at existing outdoor temperature ($26.31^{\circ}C$) irrigated with regular fresh water. Seedling growth at three different parameters such as height, collar diameter and number of leaves showed that with increasing temperature individuals respond negatively to increasing saline condition. The seedling's growth occurred at every day in height, collar diameter and leaf. However, growth rate reduced later during the observation. The combined effect of high salinity and higher elevated temperature results in seedling mortality. Therefore, Artocarpus chaplasha may not thrive at higher temperature and salinity intrusion at its early growing period in plantation and natural forest areas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.174-182
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigated the effects of soil type and light condition on seedling quality of rare and endemic plants Orostachys iwarenge and Orostachys iwarenge for. magnus. The best seedling quality of O. iwarenge and O. iwarenge for. magnus seedling were shown in Klasmann soil at non-shading or LED (Red+Blue) condition, 50% shading or LED (Red+Blue) condition, respectively. Survival of O. iwarenge seedling was not influenced by the period of experiment but survival of O. iwarenge for. magnus seedling in sandy soil conditions decreased significantly. Results of correlation analysis of seedling quality and survival rate, indicated that O. iwarenge showed a correlation of 0.8 or more at plant height, leaf length and fresh weight. O. iwarenge for. magnus showed a correlation of 0.8 or more at plant height, leaf width and leaf length. Especially, seedling survival of O. iwarenge and O. iwarenge for. magnus showed a correlation of 0.8 or more at first seedling survival and second seedling survival. It was important to manage the early seedling stages of O. iwarenge and O. iwarenge for. magnus. Therefore, seedlings with plant height (over 2.5~4 cm) and root length (over 3~5 cm) were grown vigorously at 35 days after the seedling was transplanted in mid-April in Klasmann soil of 72 plug cell tray at LED (Red+Blue) conditions.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2018

Iris laevigata is geographically restricted and legally protected in Korea. In this study, a mesocosm study was conducted to examine the effects of environmental conditions such as water levels and soil nutrient conditions on the growth and survival of I. laevigata seedlings. Complete submergence lowered the total number of leaves, biomass, and survival rates. A rise in soil nutrients increased overall seedling growth and increased tiller numbers via the promotion of asexual reproduction. Also, we found that the lowest measured values of seedlings are associated with the most stressful condition due to the interaction of low soil nutrients and high water levels. I. laevigata seedlings, however, are distributed in low-nutrient habitats such as floating mat, even though they do not grow well under these conditions. This study suggests that I. laevigata does not prefer low-nutrient condition but choose another benefit such as low competition. Also, the water level must be lower than the seedling height for effective growth and management of I. laevigata.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate the effects of climate change on the survival and growth performance of Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi seedlings using open-field experimental warming and precipitation manipulation. We measured the survival rate, root-collar diameter, and height, and then calculated the seedling quality index (SQI) of 2-year-old seedlings under 6 treatments [2 temperatures (TC: Control; TW: Warming) × 3 precipitation manipulations (PC: Control; PD: Decreased; PI: Increased)] and performed a two-way ANOVA to test for differences.The air temperature of the warming plots was 3℃ higher than that of the control plots, while the precipitation manipulation plots received ±40% of the precipitation received by the control plots. Temperature and precipitation treatments did not significantly affect the survival rate of P. densiflora; however, the SQI of P. densiflora decreased with increasing precipitation. In contrast, the mortality rate of L. kaempferi increased with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Furthermore, in L. kaempferi, TC × PI treatment resulted in the lowest SQI with a significant interaction effect observed between the two factors. In summary, low seedling production and quality should be expected in P. densiflora as precipitation increases and in L. kaempferi as temperature increases or precipitation decreases. These results indicate species-specific sensitivities to climate change of two plant species at the nursery stage. With the occurrence of global warming, the frequencies of drought and heavy rainfall events are increased, and this could affect the survival and seedling quality of tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to improve nursery techniques by establishing new adaptation strategies based on species-specific growth performance responses.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigation the growth differentiation between direct sowing and transplanting on P. ginseng cultivated on field and underwood. The results were as follows: In direct sowing treatment, emergence rate of P. ginseng cultivated on field and under conifer forest was above 80%, but it was only 40% at cultivated under broad-leaved forest. And survival rate was directly diminished about 10% every year. In transplanting treatment, survival rate was also diminished every year, it was slighter than that of direct sowing treatment. The growth amount of P. ginseng cultivated underwood was poor, compared to field culture, but there was no significant between conifer forest and broad-leaved forest. In transplanting treatment of 1 to 6 year-root seedling, survival rate of P. ginseng cultivated underwood was equal or slightly good compared to that of cultivated on field. Among seedling age, survival rate of elder seedling was lower than that of younger seedling. In P. ginseng cultivated underwood, the annual growth increment of 1 and 2 year-root seedling increased slowly and continually, whereas, that of 3 to 6 year-root seedling stopped or decreased slightly.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

Shading and soil environment are the main factors of growth and yield in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Ginseng yield is directly related to survival rate because of increased missing plant for their growing period. Under field conditions, diseases and pests significantly affect plant survival rate. We evaluated the seedling establishment, growth and ginsenoside of the ginseng plants, under controlled management conditions in a plastic greenhouse, when their treated with different types of organic matter. Ginseng seeds were sown at a rate of three seeds per hole, and the seeding space measured $10cm{\times}15cm$. Compared to the control, treatment of cattle manure vermicompost (CMV) was shown to increase seedling establishment and decrease ginsenoside content. Root weights of plants treated with CMV were higher than those of plants treated with other types of organic matter. In addition, seedling establishment of 2-year-old ginseng plants was decreased when it was compared to that of 1-year-old ginseng plants. Our results indicated that organic matter type and rate were associated with seedling establishment, growth characteristic and ginsenoside content in greenhouse of ginseng direct-sowing culture.