• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2011

The principal objective of this study was to develop a discrimination method using SSR markers in Korean ginseng cultivars. Five cultivars--Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gopoong, Sunpoong, and Kumpoong--were evaluated by nine markers out of 22 SSR markers. A total of 23 alleles were detected, ranging from 1 to 4, with an average of 2.6 alleles per locus, and an averages of gene diversity (GD) of 0.480. Nine markers were tested in order to distinguish among five Korean ginseng cultivars. Two markers out of nine SSR markers, GB-PG-065 and GB-PG-142, were selected as key markers for discrimination among Korean ginseng cultivars. Two genotypes were detected in GB-PG-065. Chunpoong and Kumpoong shared the same allele type, and Yunpoong, Gopoong, and Sunpoong shared another identical allele type. In the case of GB-PG-142, a specific allele type differentiated from those of other four cultivars was observed only in Sunpoong cultivar. Consequently, the SSR markers developed in this study may prove useful for the identification of Korean ginseng cultivars and the development of ginseng seed management systems, as well as tests to guarantee the purity of ginseng seeds.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 1996

단일 온도대역 수평 Bridgman(1-T HB)법에 의해 2인치 직경의 GaAs 단결정을 성장시키기 위하여 그 장치를 설계·제작하였고, undoped, Si-doped 및 Zn-doped 단결정을 성장하였다. 단결정성의 측면에서 성장횟수별 비로 0.73의 단결정성을 보였고, 격자결함 밀도(etch pit density)는 n-type의 경우 평균 5,000/cm2, p-type의 경우 10,000/cm2, 그리고 undoped의 경우 20,000/cm2 정도를 보였다. 한편 undoped GaAs 단결정의 경우, Hall 측정에 의한 carrier 농도가 ∼1×1016/cm3인 것으로 나타나 기존의 이중 온도대역(2-T : double temperature zone) 또는 삼중 온도대역(3-T : three temperature zone) 수평 Bridgman 방식에 비하여 Si 유입량이 절반 수준인 것으로 측정되었다. 따라서 1-T HB 방식에 의하여 2-T나 3-T HB 방법보다 나은 수율을 갖고 더 순도가 높은 GaAs 단결정을 성장시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.120-126
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• 1989

본 실험은 대두(Glycine max L.) 방사품종의 종자단백질에서 렉틴을 분리하여 그 특성을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 렉틴의 분리방법은 (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$의 50~80% 포화침전단백질을 Carboxymethyl cellulose column과 Sephadex G 100 column을 거쳐서 분리, 정제되었다. 순도의 검정은 2~30% polyacrylamide porosity gradient gel을 사용한 전기영동법으로 단일 band를 확인하였고 또한 분자량은 11% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel에 의하여 134,000 dalton임을 추정하였으며 45,000 dalton의 3개의 subunits로 구성되어 있음을 알았다. Schiff reagent에 의하여 분홍색 반응을 일으켰으므로 이것은 당단백질임을 알 수 있었다. 본 당단백질은 토끼와 사람의 적혈구 모두에서 적혈구응집 반응이 일어났으며 사람의 혈액형중에서 적형구응집 정도는 A>B>O>AB형의 순서로 응집이 잘 일어났다. 당류에 의한 적혈구응집저해는 N -acetyl-D-galactoseamine 과 D-galactose에 의하여 일어났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권
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• pp.63-94
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• 2002

On the purpose to suggest an advanced scheme in assessing the domestic wheat quality, this paper reviewed the inspection systems of wheat in major wheat producing countries as well as the quality criteria which are being used in wheat grading and classification. Most wheat producing countries are adopting both classifications of class and grade to provide an objective evaluation and an official certification to their wheat. There are two main purposes in the wheat classification. The first objectives of classification is to match the wheat with market requirements to maximize market opportunities and returns to growers. The second is to ensure that payments to glowers aye made on the basis of the quality and condition of the grain delivered. Wheat classes has been assigned based on the combination of cultivation area, seed-coat color, kernel and varietal characteristics that are distinctive. Most reputable wheat marketers also employ a similar approach, whereby varieties of a particular type are grouped together, designed by seed coat colour, grain hardness, physical dough properties, and sometimes more precise specification such as starch quality, all of which are genetically inherited characteristics. This classification in simplistic terms is the categorization of a wheat variety into a commercial type or style of wheat that is recognizable for its end use capabilities. All varieties registered in a class are required to have a similar end-use performance that the shipment be consistent in processing quality, cargo to cargo and year to year, Grain inspectors have historically determined wheat classes according to visual kernel characteristics associated with traditional wheat varieties. As well, any new wheat variety must not conflict with the visual distinguishability rule that is used to separate wheats of different classes. Some varieties may possess characteristics of two or more classes. Therefore, knowledge of distinct varietal characteristics is necessary in making class determinations. The grading system sets maximum tolerance levels for a range of characteristics that ensure functionality and freedom from deleterious factors. Tests for the grading of wheat include such factors as plumpness, soundness, cleanliness, purity of type and general condition. Plumpness is measured by test weight. Soundness is indicated by the absence or presence of musty, sour or commercially objectionable foreign odors and by the percentage of damaged kernels that ave present in the wheat. Cleanliness is measured by determining the presence of foreign material after dockage has been removed. Purity of class is measured by classification of wheats in the test sample and by limitation for admixtures of different classes of wheat. Moisture does not influence the numerical grade. However, it is determined on all shipments and reported on the official certificate. U.S. wheat is divided into eight classes based on color, kernel Hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes are Durum, Hard Red Spring, Hard Red Winter, Soft Red Winter, Hard White, soft White, Unclassed and Mixed. Among them, Hard Red Spring wheat, Durum wheat, and Soft White wheat are further divided into three subclasses, respectively. Each class or subclass is divided into five U.S. numerical grades and U.S. Sample grade. Special grades are provided to emphasize special qualities or conditions affecting the value of wheat and are added to and made a part of the grade designation. Canadian wheat is also divided into fourteen classes based on cultivation area, color, kernel hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes have 2-5 numerical grades, a feed grade and sample grades depending on class and grading tolerance. The Canadian grading system is based mainly on visual evaluation, and it works based on the kernel visual distinguishability concept. The Australian wheat is classified based on geographical and quality differentiation. The wheat grown in Australia is predominantly white grained. There are commonly up to 20 different segregations of wheat in a given season. Each variety grown is assigned a category and a growing areas. The state governments in Australia, in cooperation with the Australian Wheat Board(AWB), issue receival standards and dockage schedules annually that list grade specifications and tolerances for Australian wheat. AWB is managing "Golden Rewards" which is designed to provide pricing accuracy and market signals for Australia's grain growers. Continuous payment scales for protein content from 6 to 16% and screenings levels from 0 to 10% based on varietal classification are presented by the Golden Rewards, and the active payment scales and prices can change with market movements.movements.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2013

$YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-y}$ (Y123) powders for the fabrication of bulk superconductors were synthesized by the powder reaction method using $Y_2O_3$ (99.9% purity), $BaCO_3$ (99.75%) and CuO (99.9%) powders. The raw powders were weighed to the cation ratio of Y:Ba:Cu=1:2:3, mixed and calcined at $880^{\circ}C-930^{\circ}C$ in air with intermediate repeated crushing steps. It was found that the formation of Y123 powder was more sensitive to reaction temperature than reaction time. The calcined Y123 powder and a mixture of (Y123 + 0.25 mole $Y_2O_3$ + 1 wt.% $CeO_2$, $Y_{1.5}Ba_2Cu_3O_x$ (Y1.5)) were used as raw powders for the fabrication of poly-grain or single grain superconductors. The superconducting transition temperature ($T_{c,onset}$) of the sintered Y123 sample was 91 K and the transition width was as large as 11 K, whereas the $T_{c,onset}$ of the melt-grown Y1.5 sample was 90.5 K and the transition width was 3.5 K. The critical current density ($J_c$) at 77 K and 0 T of the sintered Y123 was 700 $A/cm^2$, whereas the $J_c$ of the top-seeded melt growth (TSMG) processed Y1.5 sample was $3.2{\times}10^4\;A/cm^2$. The magnetic flux density (H) at 77 K of the TSMG-processed Y123 and Y1.5 sample showed the 0.53 kG and 2.45 kG, respectively, which are 15% and 71% of the applied magnetic field of 3.5 kG. The high H value of the TSMG-processed Y1.5 sample is attributed to the formation of the larger superconducting grain with fine Y211 dispersion.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.271-278
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• 1994

Maleic anhydride와 4-chloroaniline에 의한 amination 반응(反應)을 통하여 CPMA를 회수(回收)하고, 다시 acetic anhydride 및 sodium acetate에 의한 CPMA의 dehydration 반응(反應)을 거쳐 CPMI를 합성(合成)하였다. 생성물(生成物)의 녹는점(CPMA $200-202^{\circ}C$, CPMI $116-118^{\circ}C$) 비교(比較)와 NMR 분석(分析)을 통하여 화합물의 순도(純度)(95% 이상)를 결정(決定)하였다. 생육(生育) 초기단계(初期段階)의 수수에서 metolachlor에 의한 생육억제(生育抑制)는 근부(根部)에 비하여 지상부(地上部)에서 더욱 크게 나타났으며, 이러한 지상부(地上部)의 생육저해(生育沮害)는 종자(種子)에 CPMI를 피복처리(被覆處理)한 경우에 뚜렷한 감소(減少)를 보였다. CPMI를 수수 종자(種子) 1kg당 1.2g의 수준(水準)으로 종자(種子)에 피복처리(被覆處理)한 경우에 가장 높은 약해경감(藥害輕減) 활성(活性)을 나타내었으며, 지상부(地上部)의 50% 생육억제(生育抑制)를 나타내는 metolachlor의 농도(濃度)($GR_{50}$치(値))로 표시한 약해경감지수(藥害輕減指數)는 무처리종자(無處理種子)($15\;{\mu}M$)에 비하여 피복처리(被覆處理) 종자(種子) ($53\;{\mu}M$) 에서 약 3배 정도 증대(增大)되었다. CPMI의 처리(處理) 여부에 관계없이 [$^{14}C$]metolachlor의 흡수(吸收)에는 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다. CPMI를 피복처리(被覆處理)한 수수에서 metolachlor의 부활성화(不活性化)가 촉진되어 수수내의 흡수(吸收)된 metolachlor의 대부분이 빠른 시간내에 glutathione과의 결합(結合)을 통하여 대사(代謝) 또는 해독(解毒)되었다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.242-249
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• 2018

본 연구는 국내 육종 회사에서 개발된 수박(Citrullus lanatus L.) 우량 육성계통 20종을 대상으로 Genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS) 분석을 통해 품종식별, 순도검정, 그리고 마커이용여교잡(Marker-assisted backcross, MABC)용 SNP 세트를 개발하고자 수행되었다. GBS 분석 결과 총 1,100,000천개 raw read 중 77%가 수박 유전체에 mapping되었으며 평균 mapping region은 약 4,000 Kb로 2.3%의 genome coverage를 보였다. Filtering을 통해 평균 depth 31.57의 SNP 총 2,670개를 얻었으며, 20개 계통에 대한 이들의 Polymorphic information content(PIC) 값의 범위는 0.1 ~ 0.38 였다. 이 중 PIC 값이0.3이상이며 각 염색체 별로 5개씩 균등히 분포된 SNP 총 55개를 최종 선발하였다. 사용된 20개 계통의 유연관계분석을 위해 선발된 55개 SNP를 기반으로 한 주성분 분석(Principle component analysis, PCA) 결과 주성분 1 (52%)과 주성분 2 (11%)를 기준으로 4개의 그룹으로 분류 되었으며 각 계통 간 유전자형에 따른 뚜렷한 식별이 가능하였다. 계층적 군집화(Hierarchical clustering) 분석에서도PCA에서와 유사한 분류양상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 SNP 세트는 적용 가능성이 검증된 20개 계통뿐 만 아니라 향후 다양한 수박 육종소재 및 품종에 대한 품종식별, F1 순도검정 및 MABC에 활용될 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.183-184
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• 2013

Two main MBE growth techniques have been used: plasma-assisted MBE (PA-MBE), which utilizes a rf plasma to supply active nitrogen, and ammonia MBE, in which nitrogen is supplied by pyrolysis of NH3 on the sample surface during growth. PA-MBE is typically performed under metal-rich growth conditions, which results in the formation of gallium droplets on the sample surface and a narrow range of conditions for optimal growth. In contrast, high-quality GaN films can be grown by ammonia MBE under an excess nitrogen flux, which in principle should result in improved device uniformity due to the elimination of droplets and wider range of stable growth conditions. A drawback of ammonia MBE, on the other hand, is a serious memory effect of NH3 condensed on the cryo-panels and the vicinity of heaters, which ruins the control of critical growth stages, i.e. the native oxide desorption and the surface reconstruction, and the accurate control of V/III ratio, especially in the initial stage of seed layer growth. In this paper, we demonstrate that the reliable and reproducible growth of GaN on Si (110) substrates is successfully achieved by combining two MBE growth technologies using rf plasma and ammonia and setting a proper growth protocol. Samples were grown in a MBE system equipped with both a nitrogen rf plasma source (SVT) and an ammonia source. The ammonia gas purity was ＞99.9999% and further purified by using a getter filter. The custom-made injector designed to focus the ammonia flux onto the substrate was used for the gas delivery, while aluminum and gallium were provided via conventional effusion cells. The growth sequence to minimize the residual ammonia and subsequent memory effects is the following: (1) Native oxides are desorbed at $750^{\circ}C$ (Fig. (a) for [$1^-10$] and [001] azimuth) (2) 40 nm thick AlN is first grown using nitrogen rf plasma source at $900^{\circ}C$ nder the optimized condition to maintain the layer by layer growth of AlN buffer layer and slightly Al-rich condition. (Fig. (b)) (3) After switching to ammonia source, GaN growth is initiated with different V/III ratio and temperature conditions. A streaky RHEED pattern with an appearance of a weak ($2{\times}2$) reconstruction characteristic of Ga-polarity is observed all along the growth of subsequent GaN layer under optimized conditions. (Fig. (c)) The structural properties as well as dislocation densities as a function of growth conditions have been investigated using symmetrical and asymmetrical x-ray rocking curves. The electrical characteristics as a function of buffer and GaN layer growth conditions as well as the growth sequence will be also discussed. Figure: (a) RHEED pattern after oxide desorption (b) after 40 nm thick AlN growth using nitrogen rf plasma source and (c) after 600 nm thick GaN growth using ammonia source for (upper) [110] and (lower) [001] azimuth.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.90-90
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• 2022

Nicaragua is located in Central America, climatic conditions are considered tropical dry forest. Statistics reflex that in Nicaragua exits 24,000 rice farmers. National rice production only covers 73% of the national consumption. It exists two sowing system: irrigation and rainfed. Varieties used in both systems are mid-late maturity (120-135 days), there are 14 released varieties for irrigation, eight for rainfed, and eight landraces used in rainfed. The current breeding system (introduction of lines from Colombia) has increased the national production, however, has some limitation due to the lack of enough variability, reducing the proability of finding good genotypes and therefore the possibility of satisfying 100% of the demand. The purpose of this study was to analyze the problems that must be resolved in the short and long term to improve rice productivity in Nicaragua. In this paper we explain some proposal for an improvement plan. The selection of varieties with high adaptability to various cultivation environmental conditions it is necessary, also to thoroughly manage seed purity to supply certified seeds. In rice cultivation technology, it needs to improve seedling standing and weeding effect by improving soil leveling and water-saving cultivation technology. Also, proper fertilization and planting density must be established in irrigated and rain-fed areas. Furthermore, capacity must be strengthened by collecting and training with the most recent agricultural technology information, as well as by revitalizing the union rather than the individual farmer. It is necessary to develop varieties highly adaptable to the Nicaraguan cultivation environment, as well as to expand irrigation facilities and cultivation technology suitable for weather conditions in rain-fed areas. Last, it is necessary to maintain the consistency of agricultural policy for continuous and stable rice production in response to climate change events such as drought or intermittent heavy rain.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.211-219
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• 2004

주목은 국내의 경기도 일대에서 약용, 식용, 관상수로써 재배한 것을 선정하였다. 주목의 250g의 잎과 300g의 줄기추출물은 부틸렌글리콜(BG), 프로필렌글리콜(PG)과 물을 사용하여 추출한 결과, 주목의 잎 주출물의 성상은 연한 갈색의 맑은 액으로, pH는 5.3$\pm$0.5, 비중은 1.012$\pm$0.05, 굴절율은 1.375$\pm$0.05이었다. 또한, 줄기 추출물의 성상은 연한 갈색의 맑은 액이었으며, pH는 5.4$\pm$0.5, 비중은 1.016$\pm$0.05, 굴절율 1.358$\pm$0.05이었다. 주목의 씨앗으로부터 오일을 분리하였고, 과육으로부터 폴리사카라이드를 고정제 추출하였다. 주목의 씨앗으로부터 얻어진 오일의 비중은 0.987, 40$\pm$5%의 수율을 얻을 수 있었다 주목추출물의 총 폴리페놀량은 잎에서는 0.563%, 줄기에서는 0.325%가 검출된 반면, 총 탄닌량은 잎과 줄기에서 각각 0.054%와 0.037%를 함유하였다. 화장품에서의 효능으로써 DPPH 방법에 의한 항 산화효과는 잎에서는 75.0%, 줄기에서는 64.0%였다. 파이브로블레스트에 의한 콜라겐 합성율은 줄기추출물은 54.16%, 잎 추출물은 33.18%로 비교적 높은 활성을 보였다. 또한, PPE-inhibiton의 활성은 잎과 줄기에서 각각 13.7%와 23.5%였다. 주목씨앗 오일의 항 염증 효과는 대조군보다 41%의 우수한 효과를 나타내었다. 과육으로부터 얻어진 polysaccharide의 분자량은 5${\times}$$10^4$-3${\times}$$10^{5}$ dalton이었으며, 20.0$\pm$5%의 수율을 얻었다.