• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.661-671
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• 1993

The change in fatty acid composition in brain tissue of the second generation rats(Sprague-Dawley strain) was studied using four different fat diets(Corn oil=CO, Soybean oil=SO, Perilla oil=PO, Fish oil=FO, 10% by Wt). The experimental diets were started from pregnancy in four different groups, each consisting of 9 rats. The seound generation rats were fed the same diet as their mothers. Animals were anesthetized with ether at 0, 3, 9 & 16 weeks of age. Whole brains were dissected out, brain tissues were, then, homogenized and lipids were extracted from brain tissues. The fatty acid compositions were measured after methylation by gas-liquid chromatography at 0, 3, 9 and 16 weeks of age of offspring. The changes in the relative concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) or more specifically docosahexaenoic acid(22 : 6, $\omega$3, DHA), the major $\omega$3 fatty acid component in rat brain at different age were similar to changes in the amount of DNA in brain tissue showing the maximum value during the lactation. The changes in saturated fatty acid(SFA) content showed a contrasting patten to those of PUFA, while monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) increased steadily throughout the experimental period. At birth, the relative concentrations of $\omega$3 series fatty acids the relative concentrations of PUFA, MUFA and SFA converged to very similar values respectively regardless of the dietary fatty acid compositions. In brain tissue, it is of value to note that while changes in relative concentrations of linoleic acid (18 : 2, $\omega$6, LA) and arachidonic acid(20 : 4, $\omega$6, AA) showed a precursor-product-like relationship, $\alpha$-linolenic acid(18 : 3, $\omega$3, $\alpha$-LnA) and DHA showed a different pattern. Even when the $\omega$3 fatty acid content in very low in maternal diet(CO), the second generation rat brain tissues appeared to secure DHA content, suggesting an essential role of this fatty acid in the brain. The fact that a large amount of $\alpha$-LnA in the maternal diet did not have a significant effect on the second generation rat brain $\alpha$-LnA content, indicated that DHA seemed essential component for the brain development in our experimental condition. In all groups, the relative content of $\alpha$-LnA in the brain tissues remained relatively constant throughout the experimental period at the very low level. The study of the specific concentrations and essential role(s) of DHA in each parts of brain tissue is needed in more details.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

Bisphenol A is used in the manufacture of epoxy, polycarbonate, and corrosion-resistant unsaturated polyester-styrene resins required for food packaging materials in industrial processing. Some reports indicated the possibility of harmful effects on rats. In this study was used a method for the determination of bisphenol A in blood according to the OSHA High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) guideline. The method involved blood extraction using methylene chloride. And it was evaluated developmental and teratogenic effects in pregnant rats and second generation. The results obtained were as follows. There was a significant increase in the body weights and treated groups F1 female in liver, spleen, kidney, but according to dose-response. F1 female rat's relative body weight and absolute body weight are not different. There was a significant increase liver, spleen, kidney organ weight and reproductive organ weight epididymis, prostate gland in F1 male rats. There was a proestrous in pregnant rat, group 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, 2000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, 20,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. The effect on rat treated with bisphenol A decrease organ weight and reproductive organ weight. Identification and quantitation were performed with using HPLC C18 column and using at retention time 5.5 min. The results of the detection of bisphenol A were at 20,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg in average 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg average in 0.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml blood samples. From those results, it could be concluded that the effects of pregnant rat and second generation(F1) by bisphenol A treatment during lactational period were estrogenic and bisphenol A was remained in serum at low level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.754-761
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• 2001

Effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E on antioxidant vitamin status were studied in rat brain sections. Sources of dietary fat(10t%) were safflower oil(SO) poor in $\omega$3 fatty acid and mixed oil (MO) with computer-adjustd fatty acid ratios(AA/DHA=1.4, $\omega$6/$\omega$3=6.3, P/M/S=1.0/1.5/1, AA=2.%)with (ME) and without(MO) vitamin E(500mg/kg diet). Rats were fed the three kinds of diet from 3-4 wks prior to the conception. At the age of 3 & 9wks of the 2nd generation rat, antioxidant vitamins were measured in frontal cortex(FC), corpus striatum (CS), cerebellum(CB) and hippocampus(HP) using a multiwavelength, reverse phase gradient HPLC system. The levels of antioxidant vitamins converged to the similar value in all groups at 9 wks of age. Retinol, lycopene and cryptoxanthin levels of all experimental groups were found to be the highest in hippocampus at both 3 & 9wks of age. The levels of vitamin E appeared to be higher in the order of HP>CS-CB>FC in MO & ME. Beta-carotene and retinol showed the lowest level in hippocampus of vitamin E supplemented groups, even though vitamin E level tended to be higher in other sections. It seemed that vitamin E has an inhibitory action on the uptake of beta-carotene or acts as a preferred antioxidant to beta-carotene in certain section of the brain. By improving fatty acid balance (AA/DHA = 1.4, $\omega$6/$\omega$3=6.3, P/M/S=1.0/1.5/1, AA = 2%), the levels of vitamin E, retinol, lycopene & beta=carotene tended to be higher in MO than in SO, although crytoxanthin became lower at 3wks of age. In short, dietary fatty acids and vitamin E have different influence on antioxidant vitamin status in different rat brain sections. The higher levels of antioxidant vitamins in hippocampus should be pursued further in relation to behavioral development of rats.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 1998

Changes in the release and uptake of glutamate in cerebellar granule and glial cells of offspring of lead-exposed mothers were determined. In cultured cerebellar granule cells exposed to lead for 5 days, glutamate release was less influenced upon N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) stimulation than that in the control. Although the NMDA-stimulated release of glutamate in cerebellar granule cells prepared from lead-exposed first generation pups was not different from that of the control group, the S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)-stimulated release of glutamate in cerebellar granule cells obtained from lead-treated pups was less elevated than that in the control. Furthermore, in cerebellar granule cells obtained from lead-exposed second generations pups, glutamate release did not respond to both NMDA and SNAP stimulation. In cerebellar glial cells exposed to lead, the basal glutamate uptake was not changed. However, the L-trans-pyrollidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC)-blocking effects was significantly reduced. In glial cells obtained from lead-exposed pups, the glutamate uptake was also less blocked by PDC than that in the control. Further decreases in PDC-blocking effects were observed in cerebellar glial cells obtained from lead-treated second generation pups compared to those from the control group. These results indicate that lead exposure induces the changes in the sensitivities of the glutamate release and uptake transporter. In addition, these results suggest that lead exposure might affect the intracellular signalling pathway and transmission in glutamatergic nervous system.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2011

Objective : Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline-class antibiotic, has been well established to exert a neuroprotective effect in animal models and neurodegenerative disease through the inhibition of microglia. Here, we investigated the effects of minocycline on motor recovery and neuropathic pain in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Methods : To simulate spinal cord injury, the rats' spinal cords were hemisected at the 10th thoracic level (T10). Minocycline was injected intraperitoneally, and was administered 30 minutes prior surgery and every second postoperative day until sacrifice 28 days after surgery. Motor recovery was assessed via the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan test Mechanical hyperalgesia was measured throughout the 28-day post -operative course via the von Frey test Microglial and astrocyte activation was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (lba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at two sites: at the level of hemisection and at the 5th lumbar level (L5). Results : In rats, spinal cord hemisection reduced locomotor function and induced a mechanical hyperalgesia of the ipsilateral hind limb. The expression of lba1 and GFAP was also increased in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord at the site of hemisection and at the L5 level. Intraperitoneal injection of minocycline facilitated overall motor recovery and attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia. The expression of lba1 and GFAP in the spinal cord was also reduced in rats treated with minocycline. Conclusion : By inhibiting microglia and astrocyte activation, minocycline may facilitate motor recovery and attenuate mechanical hyperalgesia in individuals with spinal cord injuries.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.315-326
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• 2017

본 연구는 차세대 랫드에서 혈액 지질 감소에 관한 식이 내 오메가 6와 3 지방산 비율의 생화학적 메카니즘을 조사하였다. 실험처리군은 오메가 6:오메가 3비율 0 (대조구), 1:1, 8:1, 19:1로 구분하였다. 혈액 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤, 저밀도지질단백질(LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose의 수준은 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 1:1 그룹에서 가장 낮았다. 혈액 고밀도지질단백질(HDL-C), 인지질의 수준은 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 1:1 그룹이 가장 높았다. HMG-CoA reductase activity는 전체 저리구 가운데 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 1:1, 8:1 그룹에서 가장 강하게 억제되었으나 분을 통한 스테롤의 배설량은 촉진되었다. 혈액 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율은 섭취한 식이 내 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율 증가에 따른 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 본 연구결과는 부모 세대로부터 차세대 랫드에 이르기까지 오메가 6:오메가 3 비율이 8:1 이하로 낮아진 식이를 섭취하면 영양소 대사작용 활성화 메카니즘에 의한 혈액 중 유해지질 감소, 간 기능 유지 및 성장을 자극한다는 새로운 사실을 나타낸다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.839-850
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• 2017

본 연구는 차세대 랫드에서 오메가 6(n-6)와 오메가 3(n-3) 지방산 비율이 서로 다른 식이(0, 1.2:1, 8:1, 19:1)의 섭취가 간에서 새롭게 합성 분비되는 glycerolipid의 대사적 분할에 관한 메카니즘을 구명하였다. 그 방법으로써 경정맥 캐뉼라를 부착한 랫드에서 생체모니터링 기법을 이용하였다. glycerolipid 대사에 의한 산화로써 나타난 $^{14}CO_2$ 배출율 범위는 8:1 이하 그룹에서 7.05-20.17%로 나타났으며 대조구에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 총 glycerolipid는 대조구가 가장 높았으며 19:1, 8;1, 1.2:1 그룹의 순서로 높았다(p<0.05). 중성지방 분비량은 대조구와 비교할 때 1.2:1, 8:1, 19:1 그룹의 순서로 각각 36.35, 20.93, 13.72% 감소하였다(p<0.05). 총 glycerolipid에 대한 인지질의 분할 비율은 대조구와 비교할 때 1.2:1, 8:1, 19:1 그룹의 순서로 각각 1.38, 1.29, 1.17배 높았다(p<0.05). 총 glycerolipid에 대한 $^{14}CO_2$ 생성비율은 대조구와 비교할 때 1.2:1, 8:1, 19:1 그룹의 순서로 각각 1.61, 1.52, 1.29배 높았다(p<0.05).

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 1992

Rats and Cockroaches are the most problematic pests of our living environment, Rats generally fall under three categories, namely, the Norway rats, the roof rats and the mouses, Among these three types, the roof rats are increasing rapidly in number and their habitats are spreading quickly in the city area, where as the Norway rats are decreasing both in number and habitat. There are numerous damages that these pests create in our society, The rat induce damages to computers and other information processing equipments, sometimes cause light-out, and other financial losses and other sanitary problems. The cockroaches, apart from inducing serious sanitary problems, is an insect that creates insectophobia. decently, it has been revealed that cockroaches are also the main carriers of allergic diseases. Among the pesticides employed against rats in Korea, Beta - fluoro acetate(1080) was initially used after the National Liberalization. Later, the Korean government imported anticoagulant rodenticide for its control. This was followed by a brief, unsuccessful utilization of Zinc Phosphide. Since the begin of 1980s, with the advent of pest control companies, first generation anticoagulant rodenticide were developed in Korea and recently followed by a widespread use of pesticide that utilizes second generation anticoagulant material, the "Brodifacoum" . Among insecticides employed against cockroaches, "Fenitrothion" "Dusban" "DDVP" "Diazinon" and others have been used. They were gradually being replaced by the use of synthesised pyrethroid insecticides until recently. Today there is a wide spread use of bait poisons, the "hydramethylnon" Nevertheless, full prevention and control can not be realized with the sole use of the pesticides. In the future, hygine and proofing, combined with affective pest management, must be incorporated in order to bring about more satisfactory and fruitful preventive measures.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2001

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary fatty acids and vitamin E supplementation on antioxidant systems in the rat brain regions. The Sprague Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets 3-4 wks prior to the conception. Experimental diet consisted of 10% fat(wt/wt) which were safflower oil(SO, poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids), mixed oil(MO, P/M/S ratio=1.03:1.45:1,$\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio=6.3) and mixed oil supplemented with vitamin E(ME:MO+500mg vitamin E/kg diet). At 3 and 9 weeks of age of the newborn rats, frontal cortex(FC), corpus striatum(CS), hippocampus(H) cerebellum(CB) were dissected out from the whole brain. Activities of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-P(sub)x, superoxide dismutase(SOD) concentrations of malondialdehyde(MDA) were mesaured. Dietary fatty acids were not effective in antioxidative system for rat brain. However, when vitamin E was supplemented to the diet(ME), the activities of GSH-P(suh)x tended to increase in comparison to MO group. Therefore, the activites of GSH-P(suh)x of FC and H at the age of 3 weeks showed significant differences(p<0.05). The activities of Total-SOD tended to decrease in ME group compared to MO group. There were significant differences(p<0.05) in FC and CS at the age of 3 weeks. The activities of Mn-SOD tended to increase and Cu, Zn-SOD tended to decrease when vitamin E was supplemented. The activity levels of antioxidative enzymes at the age of 3 weeks and 9 weeks were similar. This suggested that the activity level of antioxidative enzymes reached to the adult level at the age of 3 weeks which is the end point of lactation period. The concentrations of MDA were not altered by experimental diets. When the activities of antioxidant enzymes were compared, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were the lowest in H and FC. In conclusion, the antioxidative system were not altered by dietary fatty acid at the age of 3 weeks and 9 weeks, but the supplementation of vitamin E altered the antioxidative systems. Therefore, these findings should be considered comprehensively in scope of the balance of various antioxidative systems and their interactions(Korean J Nutrition 34(1):14-22, 2001)

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2002

$\omega$3계 지방산 결핍군인 safflower oil(SO)군, 지방산을 바람직한 비율로 공급한 mixed oil(MO, P/M/S ratio=1.0 : 1.5 : 1, $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio=6.3)군 및 비타민 E를 보충시킨(MO+비타민 1500 mg/kg diet, ME군)식이로 임신되기 3~4주전부터 섭취시키고, 이로부터 출생한 제 2세대 쥐의 간과 혈청에서의 항산화비타민과 항산화효소의 활성을 측정하였다. 식이 지방산과 비타민 E의 보충에 따른 항산화비타민 농도의 변화를 보면 생후 3주의 간조직과 생후 9주의 혈청에서 비타민 E를 보충한 ME이 MO군보다 $\beta$-carotene의 농도가 유의적으로 감소(p<0.05)되어 나타났다. Lycopene농도는 생후 3주의 간에서 MO, ME군에 비하여 SO군에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 (p<0.05), 혈청에서는 생후 3주와 9주 모두 실험군간의 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, cyptoxanthin의 농도는 간과 혈청에서 생후 3주와 9주 모두 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 간조직의 SO군과 MO군간의 항산화 효소의 활성은 생후 3주와 9주 모두 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 비타민 E의 첨가시 생후3주의 간에서 GSH-Px의 활성은 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가하였고, SOD/GSH-Px의 비율은 식이지방산의 불포화도에 따른 타이는 관찰되지 않았으며, 비타민 E의 첨가시 생후 3주에서 유의적으로 감소되어 나타났다. 생후 9주에서는 이러한 실험군간의 차이가 나타나지 않았는데, 이는 생후 9주가 되면서 식이에 어느 정도 적응된 결과라고 사료된다. 혈청에서의 GSH- Px의 활성은 생후 3주의 경우 불포화도가 높은 식이를 섭취한 SO군에서 MO군보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 이는 SO 식이의 높은 불포화도로 인하여 방어기전으로 항산화효소의 활성이 증가되었을 가능성과 동시에 최근 항산화체계에 관련성이 있다고 연구되고 있는 oleic acid(18:1)의 비율과도 관련이 있을 것으로 보여 여러 항산화계의 균형성과 상호작용 측면에서 종합적인 결과로 해석해야 함을 지적해 주었다.