Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.12925/jkocs.2017.34.2.315

Biochemical mechanism of the ratio of omega 6 to 3 fatty acid on blood lipid reduction in rats  

Lee, Seung-Hyung (College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
Kim, Jin-Soo (College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
Choi, Du-Hyeong (College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
Kim, Chang-Rae (College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
Um, Kyung-Hwan (College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
Park, Byung-Sung (College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology / v.34, no.2, 2017 , pp. 315-326 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was investigated the biochemical mechanism on reducing blood lipids in second-generation rats fed diet with different omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acid ratio. The experiment treatment groups were classified into the groups with the omega 6 to omega 3 ratios of 0 (control group), 1:1, 8:1, and 19:1, respectively. The levels of the blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glucose were lowest in the group with the omega 6 to omega 3 ration of 1:1. The levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and phospholipid were highest in the group with the omega 6 to omega 3 ration of 1:1. The HMG-CoA reductase activity was suppressed in the groups with the omega 6 to omega 3 ratio of 1:1 and 8:1 compared with that in the control group, but the excretion of sterol through feces was promoted. The blood omega 6 to omega 3 ratio decreased in a concentration-dependent manner depending on the increase in the omega 6 to omega 3 ratio within the ingested diet. The results of this study demonstrated a new finding that when the parent generation and second-generation rats ingested the diet with the omega 6 to omega 3 ratio of below 8:1, harmful lipids in the blood were reduced, the liver functions were maintained, and the growth was promoted due to the nutrient metabolism activation mechanism.
Keywords
Omega 6 to omega 3; next generation rat; immune organ; blood lipid; HMG-CoA reductase; sterol;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 K. Bhardwaj, N. Verma, R. K. Trivedi, S. Bhardwaj and N. Shukla, Significance of ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 in human health with special reference to flaxseed oil, Int. J. Biol. Chem, 10, 1-6 (2016).   DOI
2 C. Gomez-Candela, L. M. Bermejo Lopez and V. Loria-Kohen, Importance of a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio for the maintenance of health, Nutritional recommendations, Nutr. Hosp, 26, 323-329 (2011).
3 A. P. Simopoulos, Importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: evolutionary aspects, World Rev. Nutr. Diet, 92, 1-22 (2003).
4 P. R. Burghardt, E. S. Kemmerer, B. J. Buck, A. J. C. Yan and S. J. Evans, Dietary omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratios differently influence hormonal signature in a rodent model of metabolic syndrome relative to healthy controls, Nutrition and Metabolism, 7, 53-62, (2010) .   DOI
5 P. Haggarty, Fatty acid supply to the human fetus, Annu. Rev. Nutr, 30, 237-255 (2010) .   DOI
6 D. B. Jump, Fatty acid regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 14, 115-120 (2011).   DOI
7 A. P. Simopoulos, The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids, Biomed. Pharmacother, 56, 365-379 (2002).   DOI
8 V. Charlton-Menys and P. N. Durrington, Human cholesterol metabolism and therapeutic molecules, Exp. Physiol, 93, 27-42 (2007).   DOI
9 A. P. Simopoulos, The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases, Exp. Biol. Med, 233, 674-688 (2008).   DOI
10 A. P. Simopoulos, An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity, Nutrients, 8, 128 (2016).   DOI
11 K. S. Husted and E. V. Bouzinova, The importance of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids ratio in the major depressive disorder, Medicina, 52, 139-147 (2016).   DOI
12 L. Yan, X. L. Bai, Z. F. Fang, L. Q. Che, S. Y. Xu and D. Wu, Effect of different dietary omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid ratios on reproduction in male rats, Lipids in Health and Disease, 12, 33-41 (2013).   DOI
13 A. B. K. Amira, A. B. Z. Zuki, Y. M. Goh, M. M. Noordin and M. Ebrahimi, Effects of varying levels of omega-6: omega-3 fatty acid ratio on plasma fatty acid composition and prostanoid synthesis in pregnant rats, African J. Biotech, 9, 8881-8888 (2010).
14 L. I. Yang, Z. X. Song, W. Cao, Y. Y. Wang, H. X. Lu, F. Guo, H. Yang, J. Chen, S. K. Wang and G. J. Sun, Effects of diets with different omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in mice fed high-fat diets, Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 45, 436-441 (2016a).
15 L. I. Yang, Z. X. Song, H. Yin, Y. Y. Wang, G. F. Shu, H. X. Lu, S. K. Wang and G. J. Sun, Low omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio improves lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial function in rats using plant oils as omega 3 fatty acid source, Lipids, 51, 49-59 (2016b).   DOI
16 V. King, R. S. Dakin, L. Liu, P. W. F. Hadoke, B. R. Walker, J. R. Seckl, J. E. Norman and A. J. Drake, Maternal obesity has little effect on the immediate offspring but impacts on the next generation, Endocrinology, 154, 2514-2524 (2013).   DOI
17 S. Halfen, C. B. Jacometo, P. Mattei, S. R. Fenstenseifer, L. F. M. Pfeifer, F. A. B. D. Pino, M. A. Z. Santos, C. M. P. D. Pereira, E. Schmitt and M. N. Correea, Diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with different omega-6/omega-3 ratio decrease liver content of saturated fatty acids across generations of Wistar rats, Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol, 59, 1678-4324 (2016).
18 Reeves, G. Philip, H. Forrest, Nielsen, and C. George, Jr. Fahey, AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet, J nutr 123.11 1939-1951 (1993).   DOI
19 B. Patro, A. Liber, B. Zalewski, L. Poston, H. Szajewska and B. Koletzko, Maternal and paternal body mass index and offspring obesity: A systematic review, Ann. Nutr. Metab, 63, 32-41 (2013).   DOI
20 T. J. G. Chambers, M. D. Morgan, A. H. Heger, R. M. Sharpe and A. J. Drake, High-fat diet disrupts metabolism in two generations of rats in a parent of origin specific manner, Scientific Reports 6, 31857-31868 (2016).   DOI
21 J. Bajerska, S. Mildner-Szkudlarz and E. Pruszynska-Oszmalek, May rye bread enriched with green tea extract be useful in the prevention of obesity in rats?, Acta Alimentaria 42.1 69-78 (2013).   DOI
22 S. O. Park and B. S. Park, Lipid-lowering mechanism of egg yolk in normal rats, Int. J. Food Sci. Tec, 51, 2512-2519 (2016).   DOI
23 B. S. Park and A. Jang. Dietary b-cyclodextrin reduces the cholesterol levels in meats and backfat of finishing pigs, J. Sci. Food Agric, 88, 813-818 (2008).   DOI
24 C. Vasandani, A. I. Kafrouni, A. Caronna, Y. Bashmakov, M. Gotthardt, J. D. Horton and D. K. Spady, Upregulation of hepatic LDL transport by omega 3 fatty acids in LDL receptor knockout mice, J. Lipid Res, 43, 772-784 (2002).
25 S. O. Park, J. Heangbo, I. S. Yeo and B. S. Park, Gamma-linolenic acid egg production enriched with hemp seed oil and evening primrose oil in diet of laying hens, J. Environ. Biol, 35, 635-640 (2014).
26 M. Jia, N. Xue, Z. Cao and H. Liu, Effects of dietary different ratios of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids influence lipid metabolism and appetite of rats, Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 38, 175-178 (2009).
27 W. Yao, J. Li, J. J. Wang, Z. Weiliang, Q. Wang, Z. Rongchang, W. Fenglai and P. Thacker, Effects of dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunoglobulins, cytokines, fatty acid composition, and performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets, J. Ani. Sci. Biot, 3, 43-51 (2012).   DOI
28 D. D. S. B. Betiati, P. F. D. Oliveira, C. D. Q. Camargo, E. A. Nunes and E. B. S. D. M. Trindade, Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on regulatory T cells in hematologic neoplasms, Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter, 35, 119-125 (2013).
29 H. Wergedahl, O. A. Gudbrandsen, T. H. Rost and R. K. Berge, Combination of fish oil and fish protein hydrolysate reduces the plasma cholesterol level with a concurrent increase in hepatic cholesterol level in high-fat-fed Wistar rats, Nutrition, 25, 98-104 (2009).   DOI
30 O. V. Ketsa and M. M. Marchenko, The effect of diet ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids of omega-3 and omega-6 families on activity of aminotransferases and gamma-glutamyltransferase in rat blood serum, Vopr. Pitan, 83, 27-32 (2014).
31 C. Martini, V. Pallottini, E. De Marinis, M. Marino, G. Cavallini, A. Donati, S. Stranierob and A. Trentalancea, Omega-3 as well as caloric restriction prevent the age-related modifications of cholesterol metabolism, Mech. Ageing Dev, 129, 722- 727 (2008).   DOI
32 A. L. Mohamed, A. S. Hussein, S. J. Bhathena and Y. S. Hafez, The effect of dietary menhaden, olive, and coconut oil fed with three levels of vitamin E on plasma and liver lipids and plasma fatty acid composition in rats, J. Nutr. Biochem, 13, 435-441 (2002).   DOI
33 G. Michas, R. Micha and A. Zampelas, Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: Putting together the pieces of a complicated puzzle, Atherosclerosis, 234, 320-328 (2014).   DOI
34 U. Gogus and C. Smith, Omega 3 fatty acids: a review of current knowledge, Int. J. Food Sci. Tech, 45, 417-436 (2010).   DOI