• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2001

Aim: To evaluate validity and responsiveness of four shoulder scoring systems. Material and Method: Twenty-five cases of shoulder instability(22 traumatic, 3 non-traumatic) and twenty-three cases of rotator cuff tear(12 small or medium, 10 large or massive) treated surgically were evaluated with the Shoulder Function Score of the University of Pennsylvania(Penn FS), Constant Score, UCLA Shoulder Rating Scale and Simple Shouler Test(SST), preoperatively and at final follow-up. The average follow-up was 16.0 months in instability group and 17.5 months in rotator cuff tear group. Using the SPSS program, Pearson linear correlation coefficiency(PLCC) between the scores were calculated. And to assess the construct validity, PLCC between patients' satisfaction and the scores were also calculated. Responsiveness was measured by the standardized response mean(SRM). Result: In instability group, correlation between the scoring systems was low preoperatively except between Constant and SST, but high after operation. Patients' satisfaction with the scores showed low PLCC preoperativley, but high PLCC postoperatively. SRM was high in PENN and UCLA, but when the satisfaction segment of the score was eliminated from UCLA, the SRM was the lowest. In rotator cuff tear group, there was high correlation between the scores not only preoperatively but postoperatively. And the patients' satisfaction matched well with the scores. SRM was particularly high in UCLA and SST. Even when satisfaction segment was eliminated from UCLA, the SRM was still the highest. Conclusion : Evaluation by the 4 scoring systems investigated in the study showed less consistency in instability than rotator cuff tear in terms of correlation and validity. Responsiveness was generally higher in rotator cuff tear group than in instability group except for Pennsylvania Shoulder Function Score. Therefore it is construed that use of any among the four scoring systems doesn't make difference in evaluation of rotator cuff lesions. However in instability group, care is needed because different result may be obtained according to the selection of a scoring system.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2019

오늘날 데이터 처리에 있어 가장 보편적인 언어가 SQL이다. 이를 위해 SQL 교육이 대학에서 진행되고 있다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는 SQL교육의 학습효과를 극대화하기 위한 SQL의 퀴즈 자동 채점 시스템을 제안한다. 본 시스템은 SQL 퀴즈의 자동 채점을 위해 데이터베이스관리시스템을 활용한 알고리즘을 이용하였으며, 만족할 만한 결과를 도출하였다. 본 시스템을 위해 학사관리, 인사관리 데이터베이스에 대해 학사관리의 문제로 문제 은행을 구축하고, 사용자에게 매번 다른 문제를 제공할 수 있도록 하였다. 채점은 테이블에 변화가 없는 검색과 테이블이 변화하는 수정, 삽입, 삭제로 나누어 처리하였다. 검색의 경우 정답과 응답을 실행한 후 실행 결과를 비교하여 처리하였으며, 수정, 삽입, 삭제는 정답과 오답을 실행한 후 테이블을 검색하여 비교함으로써 정답을 확인하도록 하였다. 수정, 삽입, 삭제는 테이블이 변화하였으므로 트랜젝션(transaction) 제어어인 ROLLBACK 명령어를 이용하여 데이터를 원래대로 복원하였다. 본 시스템을 구현하고, 우리대학 컴퓨터정보과 2학년 88명을 대상으로 772회 시행하였다. 시행결과 1회 10문항으로 구성된 시험에 대한 평균 채점 소요시간은 0.052초로 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 채점관의 경우 동시에 여러개의 응답을 동시에 처리할 수 없음을 고려한다면 본 시스템의 성능이 월등함을 확인하였다. 향후 정답율을 기초로 문제 난이도를 고려한 문제 시스템으로 발전시키고자 한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1447-1452
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• 2012

Aim: To evaluate the differential diagnostic potential of lesion stiffness assessed by the sonoelastographic strain index ratio (SR) and elastographic color scoring system (UE) for breast lesions. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty two breast masses (158 benign and 184 malignant) from 325 consecutive patients (mean age 44.2 years; range 16-81)who had been scheduled for a sonographically guided core biopsy were examined proposed by Itoh et al, with scoring 1-3=benign and 4-5=malignant. Strain and area ratios of each lesion were calculated within the same machine. Histological diagnosis was used as the reference standard. The area under the curve (AUC) and cut-off point were obtained by receiver operating curve and the cross table Fischer Test was carried out for assessing diagnostic value. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy and false-discovery rates were compared. Results: The mean strain ratios for benign and malignant lesions were 1.87 and 7.9 respectively. (P<0.0001). When a cutoff point of 3.54 was used, SR had a sensitivity of 94.6%, a specificity 94.3%, a PPV of 95.1%, an NPV of 93.7% and an accuracy of 94.4%. The AUC values were 0.90 for the 5 point scoring system (UE) and 0.96 for the strain index ratio. The overall diagnostic performance was SR method was better (P<0.05). Conclusions: Strain ratio measurement could be another effective predictor in elastography imaging besides 5 the point scoring system for differential diagnosis of breast lesions.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.489-498
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• 2009

언더라이팅은 보험자가 청약자에 대한 인수여부를 결정하는 보험계약 운영의 초기단계로서, 그 기준의 정교성 여부에 따라 회사에 안정적인 수익을 가져올 수도 있고 예기치 못한 큰 손실을 야기할 수도 있다. 일반적으로, 각 청약자의 위험요소를 파악, 평가하여 위험정도를 평가할 수 있는 점수를 이용하는 스코어링 시스템을 언더라이팅 기준으로 이용하는데, 점수를 산출하기 위한 방법은 각 위험요소별 점수 기준을 설정하고 위험요소별 점수를 합산하는 형태가 보편적이다. 최근 위험율차 이익의 중요성이 강조됨에 따라 기존의 방법에 비해 보다 효과적인 언더라이팅 기법이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 일반화 선형모형을 이용하여 보다 합리적으로 보험 계약자에 대한 위험도를 추정하는 방법을 제시하였다. 실증분석을 통해 위험집단의 위험도를 평가하고 점수화하는 구체적인 언더라이팅 모형을 설계하였고, 제시된 언더라이팅 모형의 적용효과를 반영하여 언더라이팅 기준을 설정하는 방법에 대해서도 설명하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.76-89
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• 2018

Background: Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been considered one of the main causes of a range of endocrine diseases in modern society. An EDC priority list considering exposure, toxicity, and societal concern should be established for EDC management. Methods: The chemical ranking and scoring (CRS) system for EDCs was based on exposure, toxicity,and societal concern. The exposure score system was based on usage, circulation volume, bioaccumulation, and detection in consumer products. The toxicity score system was based on carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity. The societal concern score system was based on domestic or international regulations and mass media reports. Results: A total of 165 EDCs were considered in the CRS system. The top-five priority EDCs were Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Benzene, Bisphenol A, Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Trichloroethylene. Phthalates, bisphenols and parabens were identified as priority chemical groups. Conclusion: We developed a CRS system for EDCs to identify priority EDCs for management. This will be a foundation to provide an EDC management plan based on scientific decision-making.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.206-224
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• 2017

This article proposes a logic model for assessing the performance of the outcome of public research as a technology valuation method. It consists of two parts and eight steps. The first part is a scoring system and the second part is a validation process of the performance index derived from scoring by valuation method. The scoring in the first part generally requires a focus group method to find out the value drivers and make an evaluation table. The reason why we call it the technology valuation method is that the first part is derived from the simple evaluation of technology value using checklists for value drive. The second part is the regular technology valuation process. The model is designed for the measurement of unquantifiable outcome. Is knowledge or scientific outcome comparable to the measured outcome? If possible, how big is the unquantifiable outcome? This model is based on financial valuation techniques with clear or acceptable market data. Therefore, it cannot work solely for unquantifiable outcomes without comparable measurable outcomes, unlike economic valuation.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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• 제61권11호
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• pp.593-599
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• 2018

Background and Objectives Respiratory scoring guidelines for children and adults have been used for evaluating adolescents both in the 2007 and 2012 American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) scoring manuals. We compared the scoring methods of polysomnography used in these scoring manuals, where pediatric and adult scoring rules were adopted for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in adolescents. Subjects and Method 106 Korean subjects aged between 13 and 18 years were enrolled. All subjects underwent overnight polysomnography in a sleep laboratory. Data were scored according to both pediatric and adult guidelines in the 2007 and 2012 AASM scoring manuals. Results Both pediatric and adult apnea hypopnea index (AHI) using the 2012 method were significantly higher than those using the 2007 method. The difference in AHI compared between pediatric and adult scores with the 2012 AASM scoring system was markedly decreased from that with the 2007 method. There was a significant discordance in sleep apnea diagnosis between pediatric and adult scoring rules in the 2012 method. Conclusion Both pediatric and adult rules were used for the diagnosis of adolescent sleep apnea in the 2012 method. However, there was significant discordance in the diagnosis between pediatric and adult scoring guidelines in the 2012 AASM manual, probably due to different cut-off values of AHI for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in pediatric (${\geq}1$) and adult (${\geq}5$) patients. Further studies are needed to determine a more reasonable cut-off value for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in adolescents.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2000년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Fall 2000
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• pp.251-260
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• 2000

Seismic performance evaluation systems require rational classification of structure systems, proper evaluation criteria, and their scoring index for synthesis. Current seismic performance systems need expert judgments based on collection of available data, approximate analysis of important items, and various scoring system. This study presents a three-step seismic performance evaluation system for building structures in Korea. Each evaluation step determines the seismic performance and the method depends on the degree of refinement of analysis. The preliminary step evaluation involves the global attributes of structures such as vertical irregularity, asymmetric plan, redundancy, and age of structures. The second step requires an elastic analysis for estimation of forces acting on critical sections and checks the strength and ductility. The final step requires inelastic capacity of structures. Each stephas own evaluation scheme with proper weighing factor dependent on the importance and consequence. This study applies the fuzzy theory to a scoring method that synthesizes the individual quantity to a representative value.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.275-291
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• 1997

직접측정이 불가능한 단일 상위목표개념을 직접측정이 가능한 관련 하위개념들을 이용하여 간접적으로 측정한 경우, 많은 연구자들이 비록 모호하나마 연구초기에 이해했던 목표개념과 관련개념들간의 관계를 자료분석의 단계에서 구체화하지 못하고, 목표개념의 점수화를 편의성에 의존한다거나 통계분석자에게 일임해 버리는 경향이 있다. 그러나 사용된 점수화 방법에 대한 객관성이 결여되면 그릇된 정보가 도출되거나 연구결과가 독자들로부터 수용되어지지 못할 수도 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 상황에서 측정이론에 충실하면서 목표개념의 조작적 정의를 어느정도 객관화할 수 있는 한 방법을 제안하고, 이에 바탕을 둔 대표성분점수화법의 타당성 및 활용성에 관해 연구하였다.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2004년도 춘계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.239-242
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• 2004

An automatic pronunciation correction system provides users with correction guidelines for each pronunciation error. For this purpose, we propose a speech recognition system which automatically classifies pronunciation errors when Koreans speak a foreign language. In this paper, we also propose machine scoring methods for automatic assessment of pronunciation quality by the speech recognizer. Scores obtained from an expert human listener are used as the reference to evaluate the different machine scores and to provide targets when training some of algorithms. We use a log-likelihood score and a normalized log-likelihood score as machine scoring methods. Experimental results show that the normalized log-likelihood score had higher correlation with human scores than that obtained using the log-likelihood score.