• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2019

Background: The main goal of experiments is to compare various operational and technical characteristics of D-Shuttle semiconductor personal dosimeters of the Japanese company "Chiyoda Technol Corporation" and Harshaw thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) manufactured by "Thermo Fisher Scientific" and DTL-02 of the Russian Research and Production Enterprise (RPE) "Doza" by their occupational and calibration exposure at various dose equivalents from 0.5 to 20 mSv of gamma-radiation. Materials and Methods: Besides dosimeters DTL-02, D-Shuttle and Harshaw TLD, there were also used: (1) the primary reference radionuclide source Hopewell Designs IAEA: G10-1-12 with $^{137}Cs$ isotope (an error is not more than 6% and activity is 20 Ci), and (2) the verification device UPGD-2M of RPE "Doza" and installed in the National Center for Expertise and Certification of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kapchagai, the National Center for Expertise and Certification). Results and Discussion: The main results of researches are the following: (1) TLDs for Harshaw 6600 and DVG-02TM have an approximately equal measurement accuracy of the individual dose equivalents in the range from 0.5 to 20 mSv of gamma-radiation. (2) Advantages of dosimeters for Harshaw 6600 are due to the high measurement productivity and opportunity to indicate the dose on the skin $H_p$(0.07). Advantages of DVG-02TM consist of operation simplicity and lower cost than of Harshaw 6600. (3) D-Shuttles are convenient for use in the current and the operational monitoring of ionizing radiation. Measurement accuracy and 10% linearity of measurements are ensured when D-Shuttle is irradiated with dose equivalents below 1 mSv at the equivalent dose rate not higher than $3mSv{\cdot}hr^{-1}$. This allows using D-Shuttle at a routine technological activity. Conclusion: The obtained results of experiments demonstrate advantages and disadvantages of D-Shuttle semiconductor dosimeters in comparison with two TLD systems of DVG-02TM and Harshaw 6600.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.29
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• pp.111-132
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• 2023

Terahertz radiation cannot pass through metal and therefore reflect and return most signals. Utilizing this property, this study analyzed information on paintings to verify the usage of metal materials on paintings and the scope of their application. First, the study tested specimens of metal-based pigments and synthetic pearl pigments with metallic colors and textures in order to compare basic characteristics of terahertz images, such as signal severance caused by metallic substances, traits reflected in cross-section images, and high degree of reflection. Subsequently, based on the collected information, the study diagnosed various types of paintings including Korean traditional paintings and oil paintings using the terahertz imaging technique to confirm the usage of metal-based pigments in the inner layers of paintings and their scope of application. The terahertz imaging technique could has the potential to provide scientific evidence for previously-undiscovered information and art-historical records about various types of paintings that used metalbased pigments, thereby rendering significant utility for the conservation and authentication of paintings.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.26-27
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• 1978

It can be expected that intelligence and knowledge will be the core of the post-industrial society in a near future. Accordingly, the age of intelligence shall be accelerated extensively to find ourselves in an age of 'Communication' service enterprise. The communication actions will increase its efficiency and multiply its utility, indebted to its scientic principles and legal idea. The two basic elements of communication action, that is, communication station and communication men are considered to perform their function when they are properly supported and managed by the government administration. Since the communication action itself is composed of various factors, the elements such as communication stations and officials must be cultivated and managed by specialist or experts with continuous and extensive study practices concerned. With the above mind, this study reviewed our public service officials law with a view to improve it by providing some suggestions for communication experts and researchers to find suitable positions in the framework of government administration. In this study, I would like to suggest 'Occupational Group of Communication' that is consisted of a series of comm, management positions and research positions in parallel to the existing series of comm, technical position. The communication specialist or expert is required to be qualified with necessary scientific knowledge and techniques of communication, as well as prerequisites as government service officials. Communication experts must succeed in the first hand to obtain government licence concerned in with the government law and regulation, and international custom before they can be appointed to the official positions. This system of licence-prior-to-appointment is principally applied in the communication management position. And communication research positions are for those who shall engage themselves to the work of study and research in the field of both management and technical nature. It is hopefully expected that efficient and extensive management of communication activities, as well as scientific and continuous study over than communication enterprise will be upgraded at national dimensions.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.3
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• pp.23-46
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• 1990

I. Introduction: In management control, business analysis has to do with a performance evaluation and is accounted much of manager's decision making, Business indicator accounting is the vehicle of decision making and also feedback can be accomplished by it. This study is to build up a logic about what capacity for use the business indicator accounting has in making decision. Therefore it is significant to make clear the adjustment of decision and to study the function of business indicator. II. Adjustment of Decision and Accounting Work: Adjustment of decision is connected with accounting now that business indicator accounting has a function of decision making. And it should be tied up with specialization as a structure of system, organization, communication and stage system. III. Adjustment of Decision and Managerial Accounting: Managerial account makes a great contributin to the management in which each adjustment of decision should be accomplished. Let me make mention of how the adjustment of decision is accomplished concretely, and what contribution che managerial accounting makes. In an adjustment of decision, centralization and decentrialization of enterprise are very import and I think the three problems, such as the extent of sphere (procurement, production and maketing), the face of affairs (planning, implementing and controlling), the final surge (decision making and action) can be accomplished by the business indicator accounting. IV. Structure of System and Disciplinary Approach for Decision: Decision can be classified into syncronized decision and continuous decision, and is closely connected with centralization and decentralization. In the course of systematizing, the sort of decision is classified into a man in charge of decision, and object of decision, conditions of decision, and an adjusting of decision. For it's object, it has an analogical thinking and an analytic subdivision about the target area. And it is premised on getting a scientific understanding. I think a disciplinary approach remains in solving these intricate problems. V. Conclusion: In this study I dealt with a specialization as a structure in management system and a theory that adjustment is a necessary process in decision making. For an adjustment of decision, exchanging informations and communication are necessary, and accounting is in charge of the process. And then the centralization and decentralization of decision should be connected in the way of adjustment of decision. In case of decentralization, the adjustment of decision is accomplished by the exchanging informations through feedback, and in case of centralization, by the all-round planning. And also I found that syncronized decision and decentralized decision are linked together. It is natural that the function of business indicator accounting is called for to render more services for it. Therefore, according to the extent of centralization and decentralization accounting to adjust the decision, can be various. Consequently, in relation to the structure of system. I think it is necessary to make a theoretical and empirical study of the business indicator accounting.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.6 s.90
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• pp.975-982
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• 2005

Scientific community agrees about the fact that base Isolation provides interesting solutions to minimize the seismic risk. Reliability of such a technique is nowadays proofed by a large number of applications like public buildings, nuclear plants, bridges, etc. This paper reports the results of performance verification tests of the base isolated RC building with the laminated rubber bearings which is manufactured by enterprise in Korea. The shaking table tests were performed using a three story model scaled to 1/3 of the prototype RC apartment building. Several major earthquake records were scaled to different peak ground accelerations and used as input base excitations. Especially in this study, effect of earthquake characteristics on response reduction and effect of the intensity of excitations are studied. Through the verification tests, the validity of the applied base isolaion device and the response reduction effect against earthquakes are confirmed.

• Journal of Information Technology and Architecture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.287-301
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• 2012

Against Nonaka's seminal work in 1999, this study aims to investigate various influencing factors on knowledge-transfer channels of Korean academics. To do this, we surveyed 20,000 Korean academics in science and engineering with regard to factors involved in their formal and informal collaborative activities with firms. In particular, we focus on the individual characteristics of the academics when the channels are changed from informal channels (e.g. consulting) to formal channels (e.g. licensing), as the codification of knowledge is important when it is spilled over. According to the results, male academics with a longer career and in the field of applied disciplines in a big laboratories are likely to join the transformation of the channels. Interestingly, application capacity as measured by the number of patent application is significantly and positively related to the participation of formal channels. In contrast, scientific capacity as measured by the number of papers is significantly and negatively, or in some case weakly, related to the participation. Finally, based on the findings, some policy implications are put forwarded.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.245-256
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• 2021

Poor logistical infrastructure and agri-food supply chain management leads to significant food waste in logistic system. The concept of the sustainable value added agri-food chains requires defined approach to the analysis of the existing situation, possible improving strategies and also assessment of these changes impact on further development. The purpose of research is to provide scientific substantiation of theoretical and methodological principles and develop practical recommendations for the improvement of the agri-food logistics distribution system. A case study methodology is used in this article. The research framework is based on 4 steps: Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Gap and Process Analysis, Validation and Improvement Areas Definition and Imitation Modelling. This paper presents the appropriateness of LEAN logistics tools using, in particular, Value Stream Mapping (VSM) for minimizing logistic losses and Simulation Modeling of possible logistics distribution system improvement results. The algorithm of VSM analysis of the agri-food supply chain, which involves its optimization by implementing the principles of sustainable development at each stage, is proposed. The methodical approach to the analysis of possible ways for optimizing the operation of the logistics system of the agri-food distribution is developed. It involves the application of Value Stream Mapping, i.e. designing of stream maps of the creation of the added value in the agri-food supply chain for the current and future state based on the minimization of logistic losses. Simulation modeling of the investment project on time optimization in the agri-food supply chain and economic effect of proposed improvements in logistics product distribution system functioning at the level of the investigated agricultural enterprise has been determined. Improvement of logistics planning and coordination of operations in the supply chain and the innovative pre-cooling system proposed to be introduced have a 3-year payback period and almost 75-80% probability. Based on the conducted VSM analysis of losses in the agri-food supply chain, there have been determined the main points, where it is advisable to conduct optimization changes for the achievement of positive results and the significant economic effect from the proposed measures has been confirmed. In further studies, it is recommended to focus on identifying the synergistic effect of the agri-food supply chain optimization on the basis of sustainable development.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.1
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• pp.351-370
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• 1997

This study concerns possible measures to prevent separatists' terrorist acts against overseas Korean businessmen. Of late, many Korean enterprises are helping a number of foreign countries develop their economy, by building factories and manning regional offices in those countries. But recent development of terrorism especially against Korean businessmen is alarming. This report discusses the need for Korean enterprises heading overseas to prepare themselves with awareness of terrorism and possible protective measures against it, besides their routine pursuance of profits; and for the government and prospective enterprises to refrain from investing in those countries having active separatist movements. If an investment has become inevitable, a careful survey of the region in conflict should be conducted and self-protective measures should be put in place through security information exchange, emergency coordination and training of personnel, etc. This study will first review the past terrorist incidents involving employees of overseas Korean enterprises, and then will focuss on seeking effective measures on the basis of the reported incidents. In carrying out the study, related literature from both home and abroad have been used along with the preliminary materials reported and known on the Internet from recent incidents. 1. The separatist movements of minority groups Lately, minority separatist groups are increasingly resorting to terrorism to draw international attention with the political aim of gaining extended self rule or independence. 2. The state of terrorism against overseas Korean enterprises and Koreans Korean enterprises are now operating businesses, and having their own personnel stationed, in 85 countries including those in South East Asia and Middle East regions. In Sri Lanka, where a Korean enterprise recently became a target of terrorist bombing, there are 75 business firms from Korea and some 700 Korean employees are stationed as of August 1996. A total of 19 different terrorist incidents have taken place against Koreans abroad since 1990. 3. Terrorism preventive measures Terrorism preventive measures are discussed in two ways: measures by the government and by the enterprises. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by the government - Possible measures at governmental level can include collection and dissemination of terrorist activity information. Emphasis should be given to the information on North Korean activities in particular. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by individual enterprises - Organizational security plan must be established by individual enterprises and there should also be an increase of security budget. A reason for reluctant effort toward positive security plan is the perception that the security budget is not immediately linked to an increment of profit gain. Ensuring safety for overseas personnel is a fundamental obligation of an enterprise. Consultation and information exchange on security plan, and an emergency support system at a threat to security must be sought after and implemented. 4. Conclusion Today's terrorism varies widely depending on reasons and causes, and its means has become increasingly informationalized and scientific as well while its method is becoming more clandestine and violent. Terrorist organizations are increasingly aiming at enterprises for acquisition of budgets needed for their activities. Korean enterprises have extended their business realm to foreign countries since 1970, exposing themselves to terrorism. Enterprises and their employees, therefore, should establish their own security measures on the one hand while the government must provide general measures, on the other, for the protection of the life and property of Korean residents abroad from terrorist attacks. In this regard, set-up of a counter terrorist organization that coordinates the efforts of government authorities in various levels in planning and executing counter terrorist measures is desired. Since 1965, when the hostile North Korea began to step up its terrorist activities against South Koreans, there have been 7 different occasions of assassination attempt on South Korean presidents and some 500 cases of various kidnappings and attempted kidnappings. North Korea, nervous over the continued economic growth and social stabilization of South Korea, is now concentrating its efforts in the destruction and deterioration of the national power of South Korea for its earlier realization of reunification by force. The possibility of North Korean terrorism can be divided into external terrorist acts and internal terrorist acts depending on the nationality of the terrorists it uses. The external terrorist acts include those committed directly by North Korean agents in South Korea and abroad and those committed by dissident Koreans, hired Korean residents, or international professionals or independent international terrorists bought or instigated by North Korea. To protect the life and property of Korean enterprises and their employees abroad from the threat of terrorism, the government's administrative support and the organizational efforts of enterprises should necessarily be directed toward the planning of proper security measures and training of employees. Also, proper actions should be taken against possible terrorist acts toward Korean business employees abroad as long as there are ongoing hostilities from minority groups against their governments.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.189-213
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• 2005

Risk management should be controlled systematically by effectively evaluating and suggesting countermeasures against the various risks which are followed by the change of the society and environment. These days, enterprise risk management became a new trend in the field. The first step in risk analysis is to recognize the risk factors, that is to verify the vulnerabilities of loss in the security facilities. The second step is to consider the probability of loss in assessing the risk factors. And the third step is to evaluate the criticality of loss. The security manager will determine the assessment grades and then the risk levels of each risk factor, on the basis of the result of risk analysis which includes the assessment of vulnerability, the provability of loss and the criticality. It is of great importance to put the result of risk analysis in mathematical statement for a scientific approach to risk management. Using the risk levels gained from the risk analysis, the security manager can develop a comprehensive and supplementary security plan. In planning the risk management measures to prepare against and minimize the loss, insurance is one of the best loss-prevention programs. However, insurance in and of itself is no longer able to meet the security challenges faced by major corporations. The security manager have to consider the cost-effectiveness, to suggest the productive risk management alternatives by using the security files which contains every information about the security matters. Also he/she have to reinforce the company regulations on security and safety, and to execute education repeatedly on security and risk management. Risk management makes the most efficient before-the-loss arrangement for and after-the-loss continuation of a business. So it is very much important to suggest a best cost-effective and realistic alternatives for optimizing risk management above all, and this function should by maintained and developed continuously and repeatedly.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.223-243
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• 1989

The practical application of modern space science and technology have resulted in many actual and potential gains of mankind. These successes have conditioned and increased the need for a viable space law regime and the challenge of space has ultimately led to the formation of an international legal regime for space. Space law is no longer a primitive law. It is a modern law. Yet, in its stages of growth, it has not reached the condition of perfection. Therefore, under the existing state of thing, we could carefully say that the space law is one of the most newest fields of jurisprudence despite the fact that no one has so far defined it perfectly. However, if space law can be a true jurisprudential entity, it must be definable. In defining the space law, first of all, the grasp of it's nature iis inevitable. Although space law encompasses many tenets and facets of other legal discriplines, its principal nature is public international law, because space law affects and effects law relating intercourse among nations. Since early 1960s when mankind was first able to flight and stay in outer space, the necessity to control and administrate the space activities of human beings has growingly increased. The leading law-formulating agency to this purpose is the United Nation's ad hoc Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space("COPUOS"). COPUOS gave direction to public international space law by establishing the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space("1963 Declaration"). The 1963 Declaration is very foundation of the five international multilateral treaties that were established successively after the 1963 Declaration. The five treaties are as follows: 1) The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space including Moon and other Celestial Bodies, 1967. 2) The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 1968. 3) The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, 1972. 4) The Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, 1974. 5) The Agreement Governing Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies: Moon Treaty, 1979. The other face of space law is it's commercial aspect. Space is no longer the sole domination of governments. Many private enterprise have already moved directly or indirectly into space activities in the parts such as telecommunications and space manufacturing. Since space law as the public international law has already advanced in accordance with the developments of space science and technology, there left only a few areas untouched in this field of law. Therefore the possibility of rapid growth of space law is expected in the parts of commerical space law, as it is, at this time, in a nascent state. The resources of the space environment are also commercially both valuable and important since the resources include the tangible natural resources to be found on the moon and other celestial bodies. Other space-based resources are solar energy, geostationary and geosynchronous orbital positions, radio frequencies, area possibly suited to human habitations, all areas and materials lending themselves to scientific research and inquiry. Remote sensing, space manufacturing and space transportation services are also another potential areas in which commercial. endeavors of Mankind can be carried out. In this regard, space insurance is also one of the most important devices allowing mankind to proceed with commercial space venture. Thus, knowlege of how space insurance came into existence and what it covers is necessary to understand the legal issues peculiar to space law. As a conclusion the writer emphasized the international cooperation of all nations in space activities of mankind, because space commerce, by its nature, will give rise many legal issues of international scope and concern. Important national and world-community interests would be served over time through the acceptance of new international agreements relating to remote sencing, direct television broadcasting, the use of nuclear power sources in space, the regularization of the activities of space transportation systems. standards respecting contamination and pollution, and a practical boundary between outer space and air space. If space activity regulation does not move beyond the national level, the peaceful exploration of space for all mankind will not be realized. For the efficient regulation on private and governmental space activities, the creation of an international space agency, similar to the International Civil Aviation Organization but modified to meet the needs of space technology, will be required. But prior to creation of an international organization, it will be necessary to establish, at national level, the Office of Air and Space Bureau, which will administrate liscence liscence application process, safety review and sale of launch equipment, and will carry out launch service.