• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3429-3434
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• 2014

Aims: To identify the psychosocial adjustment of Turkish patients with breast cancer and the effects of perceived social support on their adjustment. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 100 volunteering patients diagnosed with breast cancer in the last six months reporting to the Outpatient Chemotherapy Unit at the Medical Faculty Hospital in northern Turkey. The data for the study were collected through the Descriptive Information Form, the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale-Self-reflection (PAIS-SR) and the Cancer-Specific Social Support Scale and analyzed via SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Descriptive statistics, Chi square test, ANOVA and correlation were used to evaluate data. Results: There was a negative significant correlation between mean scores in the sub-scales of the social support scale and the ones in the sub-scales of the psychosocial adjustment to illness scale (p<0.05). Similarly, there was a negative significant correlation between confidence support and health care orientation as well as adjustment to social environment. Likewise, emotional support was in a negative significant correlation with health care orientation, adjustment to domestic environment, extended family relationships and adjustment to social environment. Conclusions: It was concluded that social support for patients with breast cancer had an influence on their psychosocial adjustment to illness. Holistic care should be given to breast cancer patients by oncology nurses especially in the first six months of treatment. It could be concluded that patients should be accompanied by their family/relatives in treatment and care following their diagnosis with breast cancer, that their family should be made more aware of the fact that the patient should be physically and psychologically supported, that patients with breast cancer should be provided with domiciliary care, and that they should be encouraged to participate in social support groups.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.371-381
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the relationship of family function, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and general characteristics to loneliness in community dwelling Korean elders and identify factors affecting loneliness. Method: With a cross-sectional causal-relationship design and a convenience sample, 205 elders residing in three districts of the city of Seoul, S. Korea were recruited. Participants were assessed using the Family APGAR Score, Self-Esteem Scale, Life-Satisfaction Scale, and Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Results: The mean score for degree of loneliness (Mean=39.61, SD=10.09) was just below the mean for the scale (Possible range 20-80). Loneliness had significant negative correlations with family function (r= -.400, p<.001), self-esteem (r= -.399, p<.001), and life satisfaction (r= -.644, p<.001). Other general characteristics that had significant or nearly significant relationships with loneliness were perceived current financial and health status, whether doing any exercise or physical activities, degree of close relationship with family members, and length of living in current residence. Among variables, life satisfaction (Standardized ${\beta}\;=\;-.589$, p<.001) and length of living in current residence (Standardized ${\beta}\;=\;-.136$, p<.05) significantly predicted degree of loneliness. Conclusion: Findings of this study allow a comprehensive understanding of loneliness and related factors among community dwelling elders in Korea. However, further studies with a larger random sample from various living environments are necessary.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2018

Purpose: To identify factors influencing psychosocial adjustment in patients with surgical removal of benign breast tumor. Methods: With a survey design, data were collected using the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale-Self Report (PAIS-SR), Body Image Scale, Physical Discomfort Scale, and Family Support Scale with patients who had had surgical removal of a benign breast tumor from September to November 2017. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean scores for physical discomfort, body image, family support, and psychosocial adjustment were $1.57{\pm}0.51$, $0.37{\pm}0.64$, $3.62{\pm}0.67$, and $4.00{\pm}0.45$, respectively. Family support, body image, physical discomfort, number of surgical removal of benign breast tumor (twice), and cancer insurance status (yes) were verified as factors influencing psychosocial adjustment. These factors accounted for 57.4% of psychosocial adjustment. Conclusion: In this study, family support, body image, and physical discomfort were identified as significant predictors of psychosocial adjustment. Therefore, this study can be used as fundamental data to develop nursing intervention strategies in order to increase psychosocial adjustment in patients with surgical removal of a benign breast tumor.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.93-108
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze the functionality and healthiness of family rules through a relational analysis of the relationship between the rule frequency by sub-family system and the content properties shown in the 'family constitution', It also aimed to examine the relationship between the perception degree of healthy family elements and the family subsystem rules and prepare the project development plans. As a result, it was a found that there were many dysfunctional rules, and healthiness was not satisfied. Project development plans include specific project plans, delivery systems, an orientation for practitioners, the necessity of evaluation and feedback, family health diagnosis, association with other project areas, and small scale operations.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.67-80
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• 1999

This study was designed to provide the basic data of nursing intervention for alleviation of effective adjustment of cancer patients by identifying the correlation between the spiritual well-being and family support. The subjects for this study were 69 patients who were diagnosed as cancer and were admitted to a university hospital in Pusan. Data were collected during the period between December 1, 1998 and January 20, 1999 by interviewing with questionnaires. Family support questionnaire consisted of 11 questions answerable on a 5 point Likert scale developed by Kang Hyun Suk(1985). Spiritual well-being questionnaire consisted of 20 questions answerable on a 4 point Likert scale modified by Kang Jeong Ho(1996). The data were analyzed by in descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and ANOVA using SPSS/WIN program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The mean score for family support in cancer patients was 49.48, which indicated that cancer patients perceived their state of family support as high level. The mean score for spiritual well-being in cancer patients was 55.87, which indicated that cancer patients perceived their state of spiritual well-being as moderate level. Among the components of spiritual well-being, the mean score for religious well-being was 26.94 and for existential well-being 28.93. From the above, the mean score for existential well-being was higher than that of religious well-being. 2. There were statistically significant differences in family support according to the types of primary caregivers(F=3.48, p=0.008). The spouse caregiver showed the highest family support among the caregivers. There were statistically significant differences in spiritual well-being according to the job(F=2.20, p=0.046) and the level of perceived health status(F=2.71, p=0.05). There were statistically significant differences in religious well-being according to the religion(F=2.42, p=0.004) and the number of family members(F=3.38, p=0.040). And there were statistically significant differences in existential well-being according to the job(F=2.48, p=0.026) and the level of perceived health status(F=2.74, p=0.048). 3. There were positive correlation between spiritual well-being and the family support(r=0.481, p=0.000), between religious well-being and family support(r=0.336, p=0.008) and existential well-being and family support(r=0.519, p=0.000).

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.392-403
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the nutritional status of low-income elders in urban areas and factors affecting their nutritional risk. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted. The subjects were 300 elders selected from home visiting clients of DongJack Public Health Center. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing questions on socio-demographic characteristics. health behavior and disease. dietary pattern. Nutritional Screening Initiative. Geriatric Depression Scale and Barthel Index for ADL. Collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. $X^2-test$ and multiple regression analysis using SPSS. Results: Of the subjects, 63% had high nutritional risk, 21.3% moderate nutritional risk, and 15.7% good nutritional risk. NSI score was significantly different according to economic status, subjective health condition, medication, dental health, depression. regularity of diet and meal with family. Multiple regression analysis revealed that depression, subjective health condition, dental health and regularity of diet and meal with family explain 38.1% of nutritional risk. Conclusion: It is necessary to evaluate nutrition status and to control nutritional risk factors such as depression, dental health, regularity of diet and meal with family for improving the health of the low-income elderly.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2004

This study has verified Family Functioning, Communication and Spiritual Wellbeing, to increase the family functioning in Adult Women. 236 adult women were chosen as the samples for the study, they are now currently registered in the church adult women in Seoul. The instruments used for this study were the Family functioning scale by Olson, the communication scale by David H. Olson and Howard L. Barnes and spiritual wellbing Scale by Palautzian and Ellison Folkman. Data collection were form March to April, 2003. To get the descriptive statistics, SPSS Program, Pearson Correlation Coefficients and stepwise multiple regression were used for analyzing data. The results were as following: 1. Represents the degree of family functioning, communication and spiritual wellbeing, on subjects. Means scores of this study are following: spiritual wellbeing 67.92, lower level of cohesive(5.19) and adaptive(3.93), communication 58.14, lower level of open(5.15) and closed(4.71) and family functioning 95.58, lower level of religious(7.70) and existential(7.63). All each lower level of family functioning, communication and spiritual wellbeing, on subjects were derived significantly different(p.05). There were significant correlation among the variables of subjects. The cohesive family functioning score was significant related to the adapted(r=.588). Especially, the closed communication score showed inverse correlations open family functioning(r=-.424) and open communication score(r=-.680). The existential spiritual wellbeing score also was significant related to the cohesive(p<.001) and adaptive(p<.05) family functioning, open communication(p<.05). Especially, the closed communication score showed inverse correlations existential spiritual wellbeing (r=-.202). The existential spiritual wellbeing score also was significant related to the religious(r=.815, p<.001). These results will not only emphasis the need of family functioning to elevate and decrease the Closed family communication but suggest the important points of gathering various data and analysis about economic, education and marital status. Finally, related to mental health nursing, a community can get the utmost out of these results to keep offering education and practice of family mental health for adult women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare life skill's levels of adolescents. Methods: This was descriptive comparative survey using as convenience sample of 460, fifth and sixth grades in elementary school in Seoul Korea. The life skill was measured by life skill scale that 78 items regarding self esteem, social skill, decision making skill, and goal setting skill. Collected data were analyzed by frequency, mean, t-test and Pearson correlation using the SPSS/WIN 20.0. Results: The family-related self-esteem was higher ($26.02{\pm}3.73$) than other self-esteem score. Low family-related self-esteem associated with health behavior such as current drinking, accessing to pornography sites on internet in adolescents. There was a significant positive correlation between self-esteems (cognitive, peer, family, body, general), decision making skill and goal-setting skill. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that it is important to develop a program that focuses on enhancing family-related self-esteem to effectively reduce the risk behaviors among adolescents.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-209
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was aimed to revise Personal Power of Health Care (PPHC) scale which was developed to measure the personal power and competence for health care. Methods: Research phases designed for this study were literature review, scale development, and discussion with experts and pre-test for content validity, and survey for construct validity and reliability. The scale was composed of 25 items with 7 dimensions and tested to 592 adults ranged from 20 to 59 aged living in S and W city. Results: From factor analysis, 7 dimensions were identified and named as follows: Health-perception, Health problem identifying and solving, Socio-economical involvement, Sociocultural relationship, Self-regulation, Spiritual wellbeing, and Health policy participation. The total explained variance was 54.69%. The reliability was .817 of Cronbach's alpha. The PCHC scale was significantly different from gender, religion, education level, monthly income, and presence of family disease, but not different from age and job. Also, there were significant correlations among Health Promotion Lifestyles Profile II, WHO QOL-BREF and self-efficacy. Conclusion: This PCHC scale is reliable and valid to measure personal competence of health care.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2017

Purpose: This cross-sectional study was carried out to identify factors influencing the health-related quality of life according to socioeconomic level during early adolescence. Methods: Participants were 617 middle school students in $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ grade. All measures were self-administered. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 program and factors affecting the health-related quality of life were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results: According to the level of Family Affluence Scale (FAS), 19.1% of the participants were in the high class, 66.5% in the middle class, and 14.4% in the low class. We have found statistically significant differences among the high, middle, and low classes regarding the health-related quality of life, health perception, resourcefulness, family function, and social capital. The most influential factors of the health-related quality of life were found to be resourcefulness, family function, and social capital in the high and the middle class. Conclusion: The implication of this study is that it is important for the Education Ministry and middle school teachers to help adolescents develop internal coping resources as well as to develop school-curriculums considering social values and norms related to social capital in order to improving their health-related quality of life.