• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 1992

This study was carried out to improve the method of tapping sap from Betula platyphylla Sukatschev, Betula costata Trautv., Betula schmidtii Regel, Betula davurica Pallas, Betula ermanii Cham, Acer mono Maxim and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum Kom and to use it to natural drinks. The mal or results are as follows: 1. It is no difference of the amount of sap by tapping methods and species of trees. The larger D.B.H. is, the more amount of sap can be gotten. So we thought that the best tapping method is hole-drilling to prevent trees from damage. 2. Sap contains sugars and mineral materials. Birches have glucose and fructose, much more mineral materials than maples. Sugar of maples is mainly sucrose. 3. We assume that mineral materials of birches are effective to urination, to make a stong dody and sucrose of maples is effective to recover from one's fatigue by controlling the blood sugar. 4. In vacuum packing after sterilizing the sap in low temperature, it could be stored more 1 year. So, it is possible that sap will be commercialized.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.63 no.4
• /
• pp.347-355
• /
• 2020

Several sensors have been developed for soil and plants to assess plant stress due to climate change. Therefore, the objective of the study is to nondestructively evaluate temperature stress on plant by monitoring climatic and soil conditions and plant responses using various sensors. Plant responses were monitored by electrical conductivity in plant stem and sap flow rate. Electrical conductivity in plant stem reflects the physiological activity of plants including water and ion transport. Fully grown Brassica oleracea var. italica was exposed to 20/15 ℃ (day/night) with 16 h photoperiods as a control, low temperature 15/10 ℃, and high temperature 35/30 ℃ while climatic, soil, and plant conditions were monitored. Electrical conductivity in plant stem and sap flow rate increased during the day and decreased at night. Under low temperature stress, electrical conductivity in plant stem of Brassica oleracea var. italica was lower than control while under high temperature stress, it was higher than control indicating that water and ion transport was affected. However, chlorophyll a and b increased in leaves subjected to low temperature stress and there was no significant difference between high temperature stressed leaves and control. Free proline contents in the leaves did not increase under low temperature stress, but increased under high temperature stress. Proline synthesis in plant is a defense mechanism under environmental stress. Therefore, Brassica oleracea var. Italica appears to be more susceptible to high temperature stress than low temperature.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.263-267
• /
• 2004

The collecting amount of sap by DBH class and contents of mineral and free sugar in the sap of Acer mono in Mt. Jiri were investigated. The total amount of sap throughout the study period was 315 L. Sap of A. mono were increased with increasing DBH, 67 L(21%), 104 L(33%) and 144 L(46%) from small (below 18㎝), middle (20-28㎝) and large (above 30㎝) diameter tree, respectively. This may be due to increase in crown width and extension of root system. Amounts of sap was required by big temperature fluctuation in day and night. The contents of solid, ash and sugar were 1.90%, 0.02% and 1.64% in the sap of A. mono. Free sugar determined in the sap was sucrose with 16.4 g/L, but glucose, fructose and maltose were not detected. The sap of A. mono was composed of seven kinds of mineral. The prominent minerals in the sap were Ca and K and the concentrations were 548㎎/L and 303㎎/L, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.94 no.4 s.161
• /
• pp.258-263
• /
• 2005

Amounts of sap collected by DBH class and contents of mineral and free sugar in the sap of Acer mono for. rubripes indigenous in Geojedo were investigated. The collectable periods of sap of A. mono for. rubripes were 17 days and the total amount of sap was 193 l from 60 trees. Sap of A. mono for. rubripes were increased with increasing DBH, being 40 l (21 %), 49 l (25%) and 104 l (54%) from small, middle and large diameter tree, respectively. This may be due to increase in crown width and extention of root system. Amounts of sap was affected by temperature fluctuation between day and night. The pH and the contents of solid and sugar in the sap of A. mono for. rubripes were 6.5 and 2.40% and 1.99%, respectively. Free sugar determined in the sap was sucrose with 19.9 g/l, but glucose, fructose and maltose were not detected. The sap of A. mono for. rubripes contained seven kinds of minerals and the prominent minerals were Ca and K with their concentration being 441 mg/l and 383 mg/l, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.249-254
• /
• 2004

The collecting amount by DBH class and contents of mineral and free sugar in the sap of Acer okamotoanum Nakai being autogenous in Ullungdo were investigated. The total amount of sap was 376 l Sap of A. okamotoanum were increased with increasing DBH, 67 l (18%), 121 l (32%) and 188 l (50%) from small (below 18 cm), middle $(20{\sim}28\;cm)$ and large (above 30cm) diameter tree, respectively. Amounts of sap was required by big temperature fluctuation in day and night. The contents of solid, ash and sugar were 3.04%, 0.06% and 3.06% in the sap of A. okamotoanum. Free sugar determined in the sap was sucrose with 30.6 g/l, but glucose, fructose and maltose were not detected. The sap of A. okamotoanum was composed of seven kinds of mineral. The prominent minerals in the sap were Ca and K, and the concentrations of Ca and K were 522 mg/l and 309 mg/l, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.308-316
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the sap exudation characteristics in Acer okamotoanum (Nakai) plantation forest. As a result, Sap exudation quantity was rapidly reduced when mean temperature was increased by above $3.4^{\circ}C$. Considering this result, sap collection before end of February is more effective. Sap exudation quantity during the day started at approximately 9 o' clock, and reached the peak at approximately 11 o' clock, and ended at approximately 16 o' clock. Sugar content of sap was reduced with increasing period. Except for Na, and mineral components by tapping period were no significant difference.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.29 no.12
• /
• pp.1916-1924
• /
• 2019

Outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) causing serious human diseases and economic losses have been reported globally. Furthermore, the spread of Staphylococcus aureus with increased resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents has become a major concern in the food industries and medicine. Here, we isolated an endolysin LysSAP8, as one of the peptidoglycan hydrolases, derived from the bacteriophage SAP8 infecting S. aureus. This endolysin was tagged with a 6×His at the C-terminal of the target protein and purified using affinity chromatography. LysSAP8 demonstrated lytic activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, which included a majority of the staphylococcal strains tested in this study as well as the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA); however, no such activity was observed against other gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, LysSAP8 could maintain bactericidal activity until 0.1 nM working concentration and after heat treatment at 37℃ for 30 min. The ability of LysSAP8 to lyse cells under varying conditions of temperature (4-43℃), pH (3-9), and NaCl concentrations (0-1,000 mM), and divalent metal ions (Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Zn²⁺) was examined. At the optimized condition, LysSAP8 could disrupt approximately 3.46 log CFU/ml of the planktonic cells in their exponential phase of growth within 30 min. In this study, we have suggested that LysSAP8 could be a potent alternative as a biocontrol agent that can be used to combat MRSA.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.58 no.2
• /
• pp.149-160
• /
• 2013

The objective of present study was to simultaneously isolate of isoflavone and soyasaponin compounds from the germ of soybean seeds. Soy germ flours were defatted with hexane for 48h at room temperature, and methanolic extracts were prepared using reflux apparatus at $90^{\circ}C$ for 6h, two times. After extraction, extracts were separated with preparative RP-$C_{18}$ packing column ($125{\AA}$, $55-105{\mu}m$, $40{\times}150mm$), and collected 52 fractions were identified with TLC plate (Kieselgel 60 F-254) and HPLC, respectively. Among the identified isoflavone and soyasaponin fractions, isoflavone fractions were re-separated using a recycling HPLC with gel permeation column (Jaigel-W252, $20{\times}500mm$). Final fractions were air-dried, and the purified compounds of two isoflavones (ISF-1-1, ISF-1-2) and four soyasaponins (SAP-1, SAP-2, SAP-3, SAP-4) were obtained. Two isoflavone compounds (ISF-1-1, ISF-1-2) were acid-hydrolyzed for the identification of their aglycones, and confirmed by comparing with 12 types of isoflavone isomers. While the four kinds of soyasaponins were identified by using a micro Q-TOF mass spectrometer in the ESI positive mode with capillary voltage of 4.5kV, and dry temperature of $200^{\circ}C$. Base on the obtained results, it was conclude that ISF-1-1 is the mixture isomers of daidzin (43.4%), glycitin (47.0%), and genistin (9.6%), but ISF-1-2 is the single compound of genistin (99.8% <). On the other hand, soyasaponin SAP-1 is the mixture compounds of soyasaponin A-group (Aa, Ab, Ac, Ae, Af); SAP-2 is soyasaponin B-group (Ba, Bb, Bc) and E-group (Bd, Be); SAP-3 is soyasaponin B-group (Ba, Bb, Bc), E-group (Bd, Be), and DDMP-group (${\beta}g$); SAP-4 is soyasaponin B-group (Ba, Bb, Bc), E-group (Bd, Be), and DDMP-group (${\beta}g$, ${\beta}a$), respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) sprout and investigate the possibility of using super absorbent polymer (SAP) as a medium in hydroponic cultivation in a plant factory. The control was used a commercial sprout cultivation tool (19 × 14 × 9 cm, W × D × L), and a treatment (SAP) was added on the cultivation tool to compare the effect of SAP. Safflower sprouts were immersed in a distilled water at 30 ℃ for 5 hours, and then grown in a plant growth chamber. The temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 25 ± 1℃ and 70 ± 4%, respectively. The light condition was maintained at 35 ± 6 μmol·m-2·s-1 (12h). Amaranth sprouts were grown in a plant growth chamber maintained with temperature of 25 ± 2℃, relative humidity of 70 ± 5% and light condition of 188 ± 10 μmol·m-2·s-1 (16h). A physical and chemical characteristic of SAP, and a germination rate, growth characteristics and secondary metabolites were analyzed in both safflower and amaranth. There was no significant effect on SAP in a germination rate, growth and secondary metabolites of safflower compared to the control, whereas amaranth grown under SAP was higher in germination rate, dry weight, phenolic concentration, and antioxidant capacity compared to the control. As a result, this study was suggested that cultivation of sprouts using SAP would be possible in a plant factory, and further studies on SAP on plant physiological response are required.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.85-88
• /
• 1990

Sap flow in mulberry (Morus species) trees was observed for one month from mid-March in 1981, 1982 and 1990. The results were : 1. Sap flow at 20cm soil depth occurred on April 8, 1981 at 10.1$^{\circ}C$, on April 2, 1982 at 8.3$^{\circ}C$ and March 25, 1990 at 8.7$^{\circ}C$. The data showed a range of 1.8$^{\circ}C$ and 15 days. 2. Water content of the wood decreased with decreasing soil temperature under 8$^{\circ}C$, whereas water content of the cortex remained constant or increased. Water may move form wood to cortex when it was insufficient in cortex. 3. Sap flow at 20cm soil depth occurred when accumulated soil temperature after March 1 about 180$^{\circ}C$.