• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.422-428
• /
• 2009

Purpose : Adolescence is a period of growth and development in body structure and physiologic, psychologic, and social functioning. Smoking and drinking in this period are very harmful and may lead to other forms of substance abuse. We surveyed the actual aspects of smoking and drinking among Korean adolescents and analyzed associated factors. Methods : A survey was performed among adolescents using a questionnaire about smoking and drinking. Data were collected from students who visited pediatric clinics for routine school examinations from July to November 2007. Results : A total of 2,546 adolescents (smoking 1,512; drinking 1,034) participated in the study. The overall smoking and drinking rates were 29.2% and 48.2%, respectively, and the mean age at the first instance of smoking and drinking was 13.8 and 14.1 years, respectively. Among drinking adolescents, 30.1% were offered a drink by their parents, although most adolescents were encouraged to smoke or drink by their friends. Dissatisfaction with family and school life, economic status, and school performance was associated with a higher smoking and drinking rate (P<0.001). Broken families were associated with a high rate of smoking, but peer satisfaction was not related to smoking or drinking. The frequency and amount of smoking and drinking in adolescents were as high as those in adults. Social sanctions seemed insufficient to keep adolescents from smoking and drinking. Conclusion : Adolescent smoking and drinking are highly influenced by family and school environments, so more active social sanctions are required, including parental involvement and legislation preventing adolescents from smoking and drinking.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.37
• /
• pp.51-82
• /
• 2013

Traffic safety has been dramatically enhanced thanks to recent improvements in traffic environment. Nonetheless, many traffic accidents occur due to unchanging driving practices. Therefore, this study addresses the issues of traffic fine and penalty fine policies, and seek appropriate levels of traffic fines through a public attitude survey. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 905 adult drivers over 20 years of age from 15 provinces and metropolitan cities. Analysis results are as follows. First, traffic environment in South Korea is generally not safe. Respondents perceive violation of traffic laws such as reckless driving, speeding and drunk and driving as an important cause. Second, 61.6% of respondents experienced over one speeding annually, but only 15.2% of respondents were caught in the last three years. Third, opposition to levels of traffic fines has decreased over the past, and responses were more positive when more information was provided. Fourth, to deter moral hazard of paying traffic fines to avoid traffic penalty points, traffic fines should be at least 50,000~70,000 won higher than penalty fines. Fifth, there was less opposition to implementation of accumulated penalty policy compared to income-based differential fine levels. Sixth, traffic fines for different types of traffic violations need to be reorganized. In conclusion, this study suggests the following policy improvements for the current traffic fine and penalty fine policies for violation of traffic laws. First, enough understanding and consensus must be developed for policy improvements. Second, administrative sanctions such as giving penalty points should be considered rather than financial sanctions. Third, there should be policy improvement for accumulative penalty. Current acts of traffic law violation should be reorganized.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.207-229
• /
• 2019

It is a general recognition that more serious criminal acts in a certain area of society should be given more serious condemation than the same general crimnal act. In particular, considering the purpose of the medical treatment and the trust relationship between the doctor and the patient, the sexual violence by doctor in medical field can not be placed on the same line as that of the general public. But the special legislation to solve this through criminal legal sanctions is not desirable. The basic principle of criminal law ist ultima ratio, so the principle of supplementality. It means to try to solve by all possible means and finally to enter with punishment. A flat and hasty Reaction without the considering of the speciality of medical treatment will cause serious cracking in that area. In addition, it will not be able to expect desirable results in legal practice by breaking down the legal system. Rather, administrative regulation is more efficient than punishment sanctions. But the best way is autonomous control by members of the medical area. Penalties in criminal law must make an enterance at the last, and administrative regulation should be timely intervene in specific situations through diversification. In conclusion, state interventions should be farthest in order to proceed to autonomous control of medical area.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.192-199
• /
• 2015

Under the economic banner of "self-reliance," North Korea has focused on hydro and thermal power as its main energy supply sources. However, in the face of extreme energy penury caused by machinery and material supply instability in the wake of the collapse of the former communist block as well as equipment aging and deterioration due to floods and other disasters, North Korea and international aid organizations are increasingly turning their attention toward energy source diversification. In particular, renewable energy is recognized as the best strategic energy source for North Korea and it is a decentralized energy option that is suitable in light of North Korea's power distribution networks and its pursuit of self-reliance. Biogas can contribute to improving the human rights situation of North Koreans in conjunction with an increase in food production. For this reason, renewable energy is the most promising option for an energy source that is likely to secure humanitarian aid from international organizations such as the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP). However, the implementation of such humanitarian aid has been hampered by rising concerns about the diversion of provided energy materials for military purposes and the disguised introduction of dual use items strategic materials as well as UN Security Council resolutions and sanctions of the international community against North Korea's military provocation, including nuclear tests and missile launches. This paper explores the possibility of solving this dilemma and proceeding with the humanitarian aid to North Korea by evaluating the potential for sanction and the risk of diversion of the possible products for biogas-related aid on the basis of the list of UN-sanctioned items.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.46
• /
• pp.627-670
• /
• 2009

This study analyzed Korean Fair Trade Commission's judgemental cases of cartels in telecommunications and media industry and presented the following results. First, cartels were formed frequently in multi-channel broadcasting industry, telecommunications industry, movie industry, and newspaper industry. In addition, price-fixing were observed in almost all subfield of telecommunications and media industry. Second, administrative guidance facilitated more opportunities for collusion in the telecommunications industry than in the media industry. Third, the telecommunications and media industry, similar to overall domestic industries, had a high proportion of hard-core cartels. Fourth, the depth of judgemental case in evaluating agreements among competitors was generally low, even though detail evaluations were found in the cases of large fines. Fifth, the overall level of sanctions was relatively low.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.52
• /
• pp.171-200
• /
• 2003

Social workers' behaviors in their organizations are governed not only by explicit rules but by implicit rules. This study aimed to measure the extent that the implicit rules exist in social work agencies, and to assess the impact of the implicit rules on the degree of social workers' devotion, burnout, and satisfaction in their own work places. This study also endeavored to search any sort of sanctions that agencies apply against workers who refused to follow implicit rules in their organizations, along with any harms and/or benefits which organizations may experience according to the extent that the implicit rules exist. The results showed that the implicit rules do not exist so much in social work agencies in Korea. Not so many sanctions in the organizations were not found against workers who violated the implicit rules. The amount of implicit rules, however, affected the degree of damages that organizations sustained. The more implicit rules exist in the organizations, the higher was the level of social workers' devotion, burnout, and dissatisfaction in the work places. The impact of implicit rules was powerful in a few areas of work. That is, social workers were required to do whatever things at hand rather than carrying out professional tasks only. Social workers were also asked to stay way beyond the closing hour. The explicit rules were dominant in the area concerned with social work ethics. Some strategies to substantiate social work practice were suggested on the basis of careful examination of the powerful implicit rules.

• Economic Analysis
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.1-42
• /
• 2020

This paper studies, from a quantity theory of money perspective, the reasons that North Korean inflation and exchange rates maintain stability while its economy is experiencing difficulties due to the international community's economic sanctions. In doing so, this paper uses both domestic and foreign currencies in an analytic model based on the quantity theory of money to cautiously reflect North Korea's dollarization as well as its management of its exchange rate. In particular, foreign currency holdings are divided into those for store-of-value purposes and those for transaction purposes. This paper shows that in the early stages, in which the amount of foreign currency holdings for store-of-value purposes is decreasing while the amount of foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes is intact, inflation and exchange rates both exhibit stable movements. In the middle stages, where the amount of foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes begins to fall, exchange rates show some increase and inflation decreases. In the final stages, when the amount of foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes significantly decreases, exchange rates and inflation both increase, and in some situations a crisis can happen. According to this paper's analysis, if the economic sanctions continue to the extent that the amount of North Korean foreign currency holdings for transaction purposes starts to fall, the exchange rate and inflation stability we see now are unlikely to be maintained.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.53-85
• /
• 2022

Small and medium-sized enterprises ("SMEs") are vulnerable to trade secret misappropriation. Korea's legislation for the protection of SMEs' trade secrets and provision of civil, criminal, and administrative remedies includes the SME Technology Protection Act, the Unfair Competition Prevention Act, the Industrial Technology Protection Act, the Mutually Beneficial Cooperation Act, and the Subcontracting Act. Among these acts, the revised SME Technology Protection Act of 2018 introduced the "administrative technology misappropriation investigation system" to facilitate a rapid resolution of SMEs' technology misappropriation disputes. On September 27, 2021, Korea's Ministry of SMEs announced that it had reached an agreement to resolve the dispute between Hyundai Heavy Industries and Samyeong Machinery through the administrative technology misappropriation investigation system. However, not until 3 years and a few months passed since the introduction of the system could it be used to resolve an SME's technology misappropriation dispute with a large corporation. So there arose a question on the usefulness of the system. Therefore, we conducted a comparative legal analysis of Korea's laws enacted to protect trade secrets of SMEs and to address technology misappropriation, focusing on their legislative purpose, protected subject matter, types of misappropriation, and legal remedies. Then we analyzed the administrative technology misappropriation investigation system and the cases where this system was applied. We developed a proposal to enhance the usefulness of the system. The expert interviews of 4 attorneys who are experienced in the management of the system to check the practical value of the proposal. Our analysis shows that the lack of compulsory investigation and criminal sanctions is the fundamental limitation of the system. We propose revising the SME Technology Protection Act to provide correction orders, criminal sanctions, and compulsory investigation. We also propose training professional workforces to conduct digital forensics, enabling terminated SMEs to utilize the system, and assuring independence and fairness of the mediation and arbitration of the technology misappropriation disputes.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.7 no.12
• /
• pp.389-395
• /
• 2020

Earnings management is a matter of concern for organizations because it affects the interests of stakeholders. This reduces the quality of information on financial statements of the organizations when the organization performs earnings management behavior. The objective of the article is to examine the impact of corporate governance on earnings management of all Vietnamese listed banks from 2015 to 2019. The article uses time-series data and ordinary least square (OLS) with Eviews 10.0 software to test the regression model. The agency and asymmetry information theory is used to explain the relationship between corporate governance and earnings management. The study results show that two variables - the foreign members of the board of directors and audit committee - have an opposite effect on earnings management behavior of Vietnamese listed banks. Therefore, the managers of listed banks need to raise awareness to express responsibility for honest and reasonable information on the financial statements. This creates trust and credibility for stakeholders. Moreover, Central bank of Vietnam should monitor regularly and enforce strict sanctions to limit earnings management behavior of listed banks. This contributes to improving the quality of accounting information in the Vietnamese banking sector to meet the trend of international economic integration.

• Convergence Security Journal
• /
• v.16 no.3_1
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2016

The North Korean regime, Kim Jungun's foreign policy is changed frequently. And their military policy has no gravity. North Korea has developed nuclear weapons and long range missile. Now they have Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile. These activities redound a great threat in Korean peninsula. There are a no possibilities to give up its nuclear weapons and missile development. For the peace in Korean peninsula, we should make North Korea to abandon its nuclear himself through effective sanctions. Now China should effort to control North Korea. To reduce the threat we should coordinate the strategic interests of China and US. This study is to predict the North Korea military activities to analyze "military policies."