• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2014

Background: Dental phobia or anxiety of patients is the serious impediment to appropriate and effective dental treatment. Sedative technique helps to mitigate patients' fear and anxiety thus make them more cooperative and familiar to dental practices. With increasing attention to sedative dentistry in dentists, educational requirements and technical qualification also become stricter but actual survey on recent sedative dentistry has not been reported yet. Especially there is insufficient study reporting the survey of sedative dentistry subjected to Korean adults. In this paper, we conducted a survey study on the actual condition and practice related to sedation with a questionnaire to dentists in South Korea. Methods: The survey was done for members of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology (KDSA), who had great interest in sedation and for whom survey-by-mail was convenient. 472 members of The KDSA having dental license and solid address and contact information were subjected to the survey by sending them survey questions about their sedative techniques and knowledge. In order to increase the response rate, small gifts were presented to those who accurately responded to the survey questions and text messages and phone calls were made to encourage their participation. We collected their responses over two months and examined the returned surveys. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 for each question. Results: Out of 472 dentists, 181 responded (38.4% response rate). 63.0% (114 dentists; 77 male and 37 female) of respondents had experience on sedative technique and their average age was $39.8{\pm}7.6$ year. 74 of them were private practitioners, 17 of them were professors (14.9%), 11 of them were dentists-in-service (9.6%), 11 of them were residents (specialist training) (9.6%) and 1 of them was military doctors (0.9%). There were 89 dentists (78.1%) who were specialists or receiving trainings to be specialist, most of whom were pediatric dentists (55, 48.2%) and oral surgeon (31, 27.2%). The most popular route for drug medications was orderly oral, inhalational, intravenous medication. Combination of oral and inhalational medications or single use of intravenous medication was the most common. The most preferred sedative drug was pocral in oral sedation and midazolam in intravenous sedation. 48.2% of practitioners responded that they experienced side effects and emergency situations. Airway obstruction was the most frequent. Conclusions: Results from the survey show that the protocol and system for sedative dentistry have been improved compared to the past. Nevertheless, quality of emergency protocol, monitoring devices and preparation of sedative drugs was still insufficient to achieve safe sedative procedure. This study acquires novelty since actual survey on recent sedative dentistry for adult patients has not been reported yet.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.412-418
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• 2006

Objective : The safety of titanium metal cages in tuberculous spondylitis has not been investigated. We evaluated the outcome and complications of titanium mesh cages for reconstruction after thoracolumbar vertebrectomy in the tuberculous spondylitis. Methods : There were 17 patients with 18 operations on the tuberculous spondylitis in this study. Sixteen patients were operated with anterior corpectomy and reconstruction with titanium mesh cage followed by posterior transpedicular screw fixations on same day, two pateints were operated by either anterior or posterior approach only. After the affected vertebral body resection and pus drainage from the psoas muscle, titanium mesh cage, filled with morselized autogenous bone, was inserted. All the patients had antituberculosis medication for 18 months. The degree of kyphosis correction and the subsidence of cage were measured in the 15 patients available at a minimum of 2 years. Outcome was assessed with various cross-sectional outcome measures. Recurrent infection was identified by serial ESR[Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate] and CRP[Cross Reactive Protein]. Results : There was no complication from the use of a titanium mesh cage. Recurrent infection was not detected in any case. Average preoperative of $9.2^{\circ}$ was reduced to $-2^{\circ}$ at immediate postoperative period, and on final follow up period kyphotic angle was measured to be $4.5^{\circ}$. Postoperatively, subsidence was detected in most patients especially at ambulation period, however further subsidence was prevented by the titanium mesh cage. Osseous union was identified in all cases at the final follow-up. Conclusion : The cylindrical mesh cage is a successful instrument in restoring and maintaining sagittal plane alignment without infection recurrence after vertebrectomy for tuberculous spondylitis.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 1998

Aircraft and the three-dimensional environment in which they operate are not user-friendly for human beings. As a result, maintaining the proficiencies necessary to safely and efficiently fly an airplane are difficult, and costly. The physiological and emotional status of the human element remains crucial in maintaining safe performance by all crew members. In the study of Hagiwara et al.(1993). they called the physiological and emotional status of the human element into the human alertness or physiological activity and stress, fatigue, circadian rhythm, alcohol. smoking, and self-medication are known the major factors that deteriorate the human alertness. Accordingly. this paper deals with the quantitative and objective performance test based on tracking error and reaction time by means of the new computer test program into which the perception-motion system of human beings is applied. Throughout this experiment using performance test, the results suggest that performance capability in state of sleep deprivation 2 hours and alcoholic 0.05~0.06% in blood were more impaired than one in a normal state, and they further showed statistically significant differences between them, which were influenced by impairment factors of body regulation and pilot's grade. We also obtained the prediction value and the 95% confidence interval of tracking error and reaction time at the normal state for the purpose of distinguishing performance capability between the normal state and the abnormal state. And it is expected that the evaluation of human alertness using performance test will be applied to the quantitative assessment of an each pilot's realistic consciousness/attention, and will lead a flight commander to the accurate decision of mission approval prior to a flight.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.82-104
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study is to find the therapeutic meaning of the Pyrite in herbal medication. Methods: About the origin, the component, the processing the drug, the properties and tastes of drugs, the meridian tropism, the effects, the treating disease, the contraindication and the method of administration. We have researched thirty three literatures to mention the pyrite in time sequence. Results: 1. The pyrite belongs to the metallic herbs and it consists of Iron sulfide, sometimes containing small amounts of cobalt, nickel. silver, and gold. 2. The processing the drug are the tempering, the annealing with vinegar. the refining drug with water or RADIX GLYCYRRHIZAE and et cetra, and accoring to these methods, the pyrite classified into three groups - the rough pyrite, the tempered pyrite, the annealed pyrite. 3. The properties and tastes of drugs is pungent and regular. If pyrite is well refine, it is nearly safe form the metallic virulence. the meridian tropism is mainly liver meridian. 4. From old times, pyrite has come into general use to treat the injury of muscles and tendons and bone facture because it is effective on dissipating blood stasis, alleviating pain and reunion of bone, muscles and ligament. 5. When the symptom is gone, a medicine to contain pyrite must be stoped taking. Because of pyrite's effect on regulateing Gi and promoting blood flow. Conclusions: This study showed that the pyrite is useful herb to treat the injury of muscles and tendons and bone facture.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.43-63
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of herbal medication for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children by analyzing randomized controlled trials conducted in China. Methods We searched literatures from China National Knowledge Infrastructure published up to 19 January, 2018. Selected literatures were collected and analyzed in order of publication year, and then demographic information, treatment method, duration of illness, duration of treatment, follow-up period, outcome measurement and adverse events. Results A total of 34 studies were selected for the analysis. In most studies, the total efficacy of the treatment group was reported to be higher than that of the control group, and the recurrence rate and complete cure rate were also found to be more effective in the herbal medicine treatment group. The most frequently used medical herb was Alpiniae Fructus (益智仁), and the use of medical herbs belong to tonifying yang (補陽藥), tonifying qi (補氣藥), and astringing essence strengthening collapse medicine (澁精縮尿止帶藥) were relatively high. The adverse events rate for the herbal medicine treatment group were significantly lower than those in the Western medicine treatment group. Conclusions This study showed that a herbal medicine treatment can be effective and safe option for treating pediatric nocturnal enuresis. However, additional well-designed clinical studies need to be performed to establish a basis.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.7 no.1 s.12
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• pp.15-26
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• 2004

Background : This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of wild ginseng herbal acupuncture developed for the intravenous use. Healthy male and female volunteers(n=57) went through Randomized Control Trials(RCT). Methods : For those who are under a medication due to common cold or other illnesses were excluded in the primary stage and the subjects with possible abnormalities in the pre-screening process were also excluded in the secondary stage. Then the examination groups were determined by random sampling. Experiment groups were divided into Normal saline injection group(control group), cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture group(experiment group 1) and natural wild ginseng herbal acupuncture group(experiment group 2) Blood tension, body temperature, pulse, and other criteria were measured and analyzed. Results : 1. Intravenous injection of cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture and natural wild ginseng herbal acupuncture didn't cause significant changes in the blood tension, pulse, body temperature, and etc. 2. No significant differences were witnessed in CBC, ESR, biochemistry of blood test and UA between the experiment groups. 3. No significant changes were noted in the thermography before and after the test in the experiment groups. 4. Some of the common physical changes occurring during and after the administration were fatigue, chest distension, and headache in all of the experiment groups. 5. Comparing general condition after one week from the termination of administration, the control group showed worst condition while as the natural wild ginseng herbal acupuncture group displayed best condition. Conclusion : From the above results, we can carefully deduce that the intravenous injection of the wild ginseng herbal acupuncture didn't show significant differences compared to injection of the normal saline. We can infer it is safe on the human body and further studies and reports must be followed.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2017

Background Rituximab (RTX) can be used as a rescue therapy for steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). However, the efficacy and safety of long-term, repeated use of RTX are not established. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of long-term, repeated RTX treatment in children. Methods Eighteen consecutive child patients with SDNS who were treated with three or more cycles of RTX for one year or longer were recruited, and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Results The patients were followed for $4.7{\pm}1.9years$ and received $5.2{\pm}2.3cycles$ of RTX over $2.8{\pm}1.1years$. Approximately 70% of the additional RTX cycles were administered due to recovery of B-cells without relapse. The relapse rate decreased from $3.4{\pm}2.0per$ year initially to $0.4{\pm}0.8per$ year at the third year after RTX treatment. Approximately 10% of the RTX infusions were accompanied by mild infusion reactions. Eight patients showed sustained remission without any oral medication after the last cycle of RTX, while 10 patients had one or more episodes of relapse after the last cycle of RTX. The relapse rate in the latter group decreased from $2.8{\pm}1.5per$ year before RTX treatment to $1.3{\pm}0.8per$ year after cessation of RTX treatment. No significant differences in clinical parameters were found between the two groups. Conclusion This retrospective study showed that pre-emptive and long-term, repeated RTX treatment is relatively effective and safe in children with SDNS. However, well-designed prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.94-103
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify effects and safety of Korean traditional medicine, especially including Pinelliae Rhizoma, for hyperemesis gravidarum, and to suggest appropriate dosage and treatment duration of Pinelliae Rhizoma. Methods: The study was performed based on the medical records of 19 hyperemesis gravidarum patients treated with Korean traditional medicine including Pinelliae Rhizoma. Change of symptoms, continuance of pregnancy, malformation of infants, and delivery outcomes were analysed. Results: The symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum were improved in 13 patients. With regards to pregnancy outcome, normal fullterm delivery was 16 case, preterm delivery was 1 case and abortion was 2 case, Infants malformation was not found in any case. The average daily dosage of Pinelliae Rhizoma was 6.53 g/day, and the average treatment duration of Pinelliae Rhizoma was 11.53 (day). Conclusions: In this study, using Korean traditional medicine including Pinelliae Rhizoma for hyperemesis gravidarum patients is considered safe if patients are treated with proper clinical dosage and duration of medication. More cases and studies in the future will be required for the appropriate use of Pinelliae Rhizoma for hyperemesis gravidarum patients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2019

Purpose: Various publications on the use of sedation and anesthesia for diagnostic procedures in children have demonstrated that no ideal agent is available. Although propofol has been widely used for sedation during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children, adverse events including hypoxia and hypotension, are concerns in propofol-based sedation. Propofol is used in combination with other sedatives in order to reduce potential complications. We aimed to analyze whether the administration of midazolam would improve the safety and efficacy of propofol-based sedation in diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopies in children. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of children who underwent diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopies during a 30-month period. Demographic characteristics, vital signs, medication dosages, induction times, sedation times, recovery times, and any complications observed, were examined. Results: Baseline characteristics did not differ between the midazolam-propofol and propofol alone groups. No differences were observed between the two groups in terms of induction times, sedation times, recovery times, or the proportion of satisfactory endoscopist responses. No major procedural complications, such as cardiac arrest, apnea, or laryngospasm, occurred in any case. However, minor complications developed in 22 patients (10.7%), 17 (16.2%) in the midazolam-propofol group and five (5.0%) in the propofol alone group (p=0.010). Conclusion: The sedation protocol with propofol was safe and efficient. The administration of midazolam provided no additional benefit in propofol-based sedation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 2021

Objective: To explore the perception of drug utilization review (DUR) system and DUR modernization pilot project among healthcare professionals and patients. Methods: We conducted 8 times of focus group interviews (FGI) between August 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. The healthcare professionals and patients who participated in the DUR modernization pilot project were included in the present study. Based on the type of project participation or medical institution, the participants were divided into the following four groups: group 1, hospital; group 2, clinic; group 3, pharmacy; and group 4, patient. Within each group, interviews were conducted under a pre-defined agenda to identify the implicit perceptions of the participants; the contents of the interviews were, then, categorized. Results: Healthcare professionals established a consensus on the positive aspects of the DUR system and DUR modernization pilot project. However, substantial concerns remain, such as additional workload associated with monitoring adverse events or acquiring consents from patients. Furthermore, a difference of opinion over the DUR convenience system was observed. Among 3 DUR convenience system, the personal medication history review service was highly utilized, but pop-up hold function and communication system was rarely used. Conclusion: We observed that systematic intervention using the DUR system is effective for both healthcare providers and consumers. Adverse events caused by inappropriate drug use can be prevented by continuous patient monitoring. Therefore, the role of DUR system needs to be expanded to establish a safe drug management system.