• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.410-416
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• 2021

Background This systematic review compared free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps versus pedicled distally based sural artery (DBSA) flaps for reconstruction of soft tissue defects of dorsal foot and ankle in children. Methods A systematic literature search was performed to identify cases where an ALT or DBSA was used to reconstruct the dorsal foot in children. A total of 19 articles were included in the systematic review. Results Eighty-three patients underwent an ALT reconstruction and 138 patients underwent a DBSA reconstruction. Patients who had a DBSA were more likely to require grafting of the donor site (P<0.001). The size of ALT flaps was significantly larger than DBSA flaps (P=0.002). Subsequent flap thinning was required in 30% of patients after ALT and 12% of patients after DBSA reconstruction (P<0.001). Complications occurred in 11.6% of DBSA and 8.4% of ALT flaps (8.4%). Conclusions Both flaps are valid options in reconstructing pediatric foot and ankle defects. Each flap has advantages and disadvantages as discussed in this review article. In general for larger defects, an ALT flap was used. Flap choice should be based on the size of the defect.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.4C
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• pp.290-295
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• 2005

When a Certification Authority (CA) issues X.509 public-key certificate to bind a public key to a user, the user is specified through one or more subject name in the 'subject' field and the 'subjectAltName' extension field of a certificate. The 'subject' field or the 'subjectAltName' extension field may contain a hierarchically structured distinguished name, an electronic mail address, If address, or other name forms that correspond to the subject. In this paper, we present the requirements for certificate holder's privacy protection and propose the methods to protect the user's privacy information contained in the 'subject' field or the 'subjectAltName' extension field of a public-key certificat

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2013

Introduction: ALT/AST enzymes are present inside the cells. AST is found in cardiac and skeletal muscle and red blood cells but the ALT is checked mainly in the liver. In general, the rise of these two indicators shows liver damage. The usual measurements of these enzymes are used in liver function tests, but the levels of AST and ALT do not always reflect liver function. Method and Cases: 17 cases of liver dysfunction transiently were evaluated clinically, biochemically, and imaging study of sonogram in pediatric in-patients for 3 years. Result: Most common causes of transient liver dysfunction were infection, especially viral gastroenteritis, and bacterial infection interfering oral food intake. More often occurred in the children who have infant hyperbilirubinemia, positive history of mitochondrial dysfunction or hypoglycemia. Fasting study in one case of hypoglycemia patient showed reversible liver dysfunction during fasting over 20 hours fasting. Discussion: A significant increase in AST and ALT with normal bilirubin can be observed in clinically healthy people during blunt trauma, viral infection, severe pain, metabolic syndrome, fasting or accidental health screening.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.312-324
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• 2008

To improve the newly designed HKS(hinge kit system) in common refrigerators, it was investigated the new robust methodologies. There were the study of failure modes, mechanisms in the marketplace, and the design parameters of HKS with various improvements using accelerated life testing. Based on the claimed marketplace product returns and 1st ALT reproduction, the fracturing and cracking occur in the housing of the HKS. The missing design parameters of the failed HKS in the design phase of the refrigerator was the housing hinge kit structure. The corrective action plans are the modifications of the housing hinge kit structure from the open supporting to all supporting structure. Based on 2nd ALTs, the fracturing and cracking occur in the torsion shaft. The missing design parameter was the roundness of torsion shaft. After a sequence of ALT testing, the levels of the missing design parameters were setup. The yearly failure rate and B1 life of the redesigned HKS, based on the results of ALT, were over 0.01 percent and 10 years, respectively. The parameter design through the inspection of the failed product, load analysis, and three rounds of ALT, was very effective in the new robust design methodologies of the mechanical system and this method can be applied to other design system.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.13 no.3_4
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• pp.63-70
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• 1998

In order to elucidate the prevalence of anti-HEV, anti-HCV and HBsAg in ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)-elevated patient group and healthy person control group, we examined anti-HEV, anti-HCV and HBsAg in 92 persons, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HEV in ALT-elevated patient group (4.3%) was not significantly higher than that (2.2%) of healthy person control group(P>0.05). While in healthy person control group the prevalence of anti-HEV in female (2.4%) was higher than that (2.0%) in male, and in ALT-elevated group male (4.8%) was higher than female (3.3%), there were no significances. The positive rate of anti-HEV was not significantly increased with age between healthy person control and ALT-elevated patient group. The odds ratio's of HEV, HCV and HBV with ALT-elevated patient group were 2.05 (95% CI: 0.31-16.54), 8.67 (95% CI: 1.06-188.63) and 7.23 (95% CI: 2.47-22.71), respectively, but had no significance. It was turned out that HCV and HBV were significantly correlated with ALT-elevated patient group, but HEV had no significance with it in this paper.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.453-456
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• 2022

When the scrotal sac is entirely debrided following a Fournier gangrene, testes exposure poses unique challenges for the reconstructive surgeon. Despite the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is considered a workhorse in such context, aesthetic results are often suboptimal because of the lack of natural ptosis and patchwork appearance. We describe the use of a super-thin pedicled ALT flap for total scrotal reconstruction, modified according to a peculiar flap design and inset technique. A 42-year-old man was referred to our department for delayed total scrotal reconstruction 8 months after a Fournier gangrene extensive debridement. A super-thin pedicled ALT flap from the right thigh was designed: in the central portion of the ALT, a lateral skin paddle extension was marked to guarantee adequate posterior anchorage during insetting and ptosis of the scrotal sac. This particular flap arrangement has inspired the name "sombrero" as the shape is akin to the famous hat. No secondary refinements were needed, and the patient showed satisfying aesthetic and functional results at 12 months' follow-up. The ALT flap design "sombrero" modification proposed in this article can improve scrotum cosmesis and patient satisfaction in a single-stage single-flap procedure.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.347-353
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• 2018

There are some controversies about the safety of herbal medicine. In order to examine the safety of herbal medicine, this study investigated the level of liver function test(AST/ALT) in patients taking herbal medicine for more than 6 months We checked liver function in 121 patients who took herbal medicine for more than 6 months. AST/ALT were measured before treatment and every 3 months (from 3 month to 9 month). In 121 patients taking herbal medicine for more than 6 months, mean AST level after 6 months was lower than before treatment and mean ALT level after 6 months was lower than before treatment. In 20 patients with abnormal AST/ALT before herbal treatment, 18 patients's AST/ALT changed to normal after 6 month herbal treatment. 2 patients's AST/ALT was slightly higher than normal. One woman patient met the criteria for herb-induced liver injury(HILI) with RUCAM scores 4 after taking herbal medicine for 6 months. Although her RUCAM score decreased to zero after taking herbal medicine for 9 months. This study suggests that long-term herbal medicine for 6 months or longer is very unlikely to injury liver function. Individual-specific liver damage may occur, it can be recovered.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.386-393
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• 2006

The effects of Curcuma extract Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum), and maltodextrose on acute hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were investigated. Acute hepatotoxicity was induced by 0.5 mL of carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) per kg of SD rats, which was injected to them before administration of Curcuma extract or both Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum) and maltodextrose mixtures. SD rats dose with Curcuma extract of 4 mg or 40 mg per kg per day significantly (p<0.05) reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) after 7 days compared to the controls dose with water. Treatments of Curcuma extract with 4 mg per kg per day in SD rats significantly (p<0.05) reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) to 78.0%, 82.6%, and 76.3% after 7 days compared to the controls, respectively. The levels of AST and ALT in SD rats dose with both Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum) and maltodextrose mixtures or either alone had no significantly different (p>0.05) compared to the controls. Treatments of Curcuma extract combined with Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum) and maltodextrose mixtures was 'liked more' to the sensory scores for odor and flayer compared to the controls. It was considered that Curcuma extract combined with both Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum) and maltodextrose mixtures could be used to functional food for enhancement of health and consumer acceptance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.21 no.45
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• pp.319-328
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• 1998

In this paper, the design of ALT(Accelerated Life Test) requires a sampling plan based on failure-censored(Type II censored) ALT with lognormal life distribution. Specially the environmental effect of products has been emphasized, so we considered the upper life limit as well as lower life limit in the ALT sampling plan. The optimal plan with a high stress and a low stress is used as test plan, and the total sample size for test and lot acceptability constant which minimize an asymptotic variance of maximum likelihood estimator of assumed model parameters and satisfy the given producer's risk and customer's risk are drawn out. These values can be acquired by means of the computer program that we coded for resolving the difficulty and complexity of calculation.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2018

Purpose: We aimed to study the pattern of liver-injury in children with dengue fever (DF) and validate serum aminotransferase ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ as a marker of severe DF. Methods: Children admitted with DF were included. DF was defined by presence of clinical criteria and positive serological or antigen tests in absence of other etiology. DF severity was graded as dengue without or with warning signs and severe dengue. Liver-injury was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more than twice the upper limit of normal (boys, 30 IU/L; girls, 21 IU/L). Results: Of 372 children with DF, 144 (38.7%) had liver-injury. Risk of liver-injury and aminotransferase levels increased with DF severity (p<0.001). Recommended ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) cut-off at ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ had sensitivity 4.8% (5/105), specificity 99.3% (265/267) for detection of severe DF. In children with ALT and AST <1,000 IU/L (n=365), the area under receiver operating curves for prediction for severe DF, were 0.651 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.588-0.714; p<0.001) for ALT and 0.647 (95% CI, 0.582-0.712; p<0.001) for AST. Serum ALT at 376 IU/L and AST at 635 IU/L had sensitivity and specificity comparable to ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ for defining severe DF. Conclusion: Liver-injury is common in DF. The ALT and AST levels increase with DF severity. ALT and AST levels of ${\geq}1,000IU/L$ could be lowered to 376 IU/L and 635 IU/L respectively for defining severe DF.