• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.659-666
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the intake status of calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc of Korean adults residing in different regions. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the districts where they lived, which included rural (n=137), coastal (n=100), and urban district (n=117). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for dietary intake. The average age of the subjects were 58.1 years for rural district, 57.7 years for coastal district, and 48.6 years for urban district. There was no significance in total food intake by regions. The food intakes from cereals, mushrooms, vegetables of rural district, that from fishes of coastal district, and those from sugars, milks, oils of urban area were the highest among three districts. The calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc intakes were $60.1\%,\;123.9\%,\;95.2\%,\;and\;73.1\%$ of RDAs, respectively. The calcium intakes as percentage of RDA in rural and coastal district were significantly (p<0.01) lower than that in urban district. A larger number of subjects from coastal or urban district ate under $75\%$ of zinc RDA compared to those from rural village. Major sources of dietary calcium in total subjects were anchovy, kimchi, milk, soybean curd, rice, ice cream, sea mustard, yogurt, loach, and welsh onion. Rice supplied $15.5\%$ for phosphorus, $22.1\%$ for iron, and $35.9\%$ for zinc of total intake. Except for rice, major sources of dietary zinc were pork, beef, small red bean, dog meat, chicken, jacopever, soybean curd, glutinous millet, and kimchi. In conclusion, the food and mineral intakes of adults differed according to the regions in which they resided. The food and nutrient intakes of coastal district were not satisfactory, and calcium and zinc intakes of three regions did not meet RDAs. Therefore, it is required unique and discriminatory nutritional education with each region for increasing intakes of calcium and zinc.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 2018

A study was carried out to determine the influence of climatic environments on the growth characteristics and bulb quality of extremely early-maturing type onion grown at different altitudes, such as 60m, 200m, 350m and 700m above sea level (ASL). The mean air temperature during the growing season of extremely early-maturing type onion (October 18 to April 27) was $10.8^{\circ}C$, $9.6^{\circ}C$, $8.1^{\circ}C$ and $6.1^{\circ}C$ at 60m, 200m, 350m and 700m ASL. The mean air temperature during the bulb growth period (March 16 to April 14) was recorded $10.5^{\circ}C$, $9.4^{\circ}C$, $7.9^{\circ}C$ and $6.0^{\circ}C$ at 60m, 200m, 350m and 700 m ASL. Plant height, neck diameter, leaf number, leaf area, top fresh weight and top dry weight were significantly increased in growing of extremely early-maturing type onion at 60m ASL. Bulb/neck diameter ratio increased rapidly under the same temperature regime. The diameter and weight of the bulb were also the largest at 60m ASL during the bulb growth period (daily mean temperature of $12.5^{\circ}C$). At 60m ASL, there was the highest bulb size like a height, diameter and weight of bulb related directly on onion yield in the bulb growth period from March 16 to April 14. In contrast, yield and bulb quality were considerably decreased at 700m ASL during the bulb growth stage (daily mean temperature of $8.4^{\circ}C$). The quantity of extremely early-maturing type onion has gradually decreased as the daily average temperature drops below $12.5^{\circ}C$ during the bulb growth stage (March 16 to April 14). As a result, the lower temperature (daily mean temperature below $12.5^{\circ}C$) during the bulb growth stage significantly decreased the size and quantity of bulb in direction proportion.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.313-317
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• 2010

There are the farmer's needs to develop early-maturing cultivar adaptable to mid-northern inland plain and alpine area. Furthermore, it is required to develop a rice variety to produce new rice before concentrated marketing dates, even in the years of early Chuseok. 'Joun' is a new extremely early-maturing japonica rice cultivar developed in 2009 from the cross of SR14880-173-3-3-2-2-2/Unbong20 at Cheolwon Substation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA). The heading date of 'Joun' is July 23 in mid-northern alpine area, which is 7 days earlier than that of Odaebyeo. It has about 61 cm in culm length with semi-erect plant type. Panicle has a few awns and its exertion is good. The number of spikelets per panicle is smaller than that of Odaebyeo and 1,000 grain-weight of brown rice is 21.2 g which is less than 26.3 g of Odaebyeo, but the complete grain ratio is higher. Milled kernels are translucent with non-glutinous endosperm and palatability of cooked rice is good. It shows strong resistance to cold treatment, lodging, premature heading, wilting and viviparous germination during ripening stage. This cultivar shows resistance to leaf blast disease but susceptible to bacterial blight, virus disease and insect pests. The milled rice yield performance of 'Joun' is about 5.18 MT/ha by ordinary culture in local adaptability test for three years. This cultivar may be highly adaptable to the mid-northern inland plain and alpine area, north-eastern coastal area and middle plain area.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.62-74
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• 2023

Much attention has been focused on the Baekpoman area due to the archaeological achievements of the past, but studies on prehistoric times when villages began to form is insufficient, and the Bronze Age village landscape was examined in order to supplement this. In the area of Baekpo Bay, the natural geographical limit connected to the inland was culturally confirmed by the distribution density of dolmens, and the generality of the Bronze Age settlement was confirmed with the Hwangsan-ri settlement. Bunto Village in Hwangsan-ri represents a farming-based village in the Baekpo Bay area, and the residential group and the tomb group are located on the same hill, and it is composed of three individual residential groups, and the village landscape had attached buildings used as warehouses and storage facilities. In the area of Baekpo Bay, it spread in the Tamjin River basin and the Yeongsan River basin where Songgukri culture and dolmen culture were integrated, and the density distribution of the villages was considered to correspond to the distribution density of dolmens. In order to examine the landscape of village distribution, the classification of Sochon-Jungchon-Daechon was applied, and it was classified as Sochon, a sub-unit constituting the village, in that the number of settlements constituting the village in the Bronze Age was mostly less than five. There are numerical differences between Jungchon and Daechon, and the distribution pattern does not necessarily coincide with the hierarchy. The three individual residential groups of Bunto Village in Hwangsan-ri are Jungchon composed of complex communities of blood relatives with each family community, and a stabilized village landscape was created in the Gusancheon area. In the area of Baekpo Bay, Bronze Age villages formed a landscape in which small villages were scattered around the rivers and formed a single-layered relationship. Dolmens (tombs) were formed between the villages and villages, and seem to have coexisted. Sochondeul is a family community based on agriculture, and it is believed that self-sufficient stabilized rural villages that live by acquiring various wild resources in rivers, mountains, and the sea formed a landscape.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2024

A region can be divided into cultivation zones based on homogeneity in weather variables that have the greatest influence on crop growth and yield. This study classified the cultivation zone of soybean using weather indices as a prior study to classify the agroclimatic zone of soybean. Meteorological factors affecting soybeans were determined through correlation analysis over a 10 year period (from 2013 to 2022) using data from the Miryang and Suwon regions collected from the soybean yield trial database of the Rural Development Administration, Korea and the meteorological database of the Korea Meteorological Administration. The correlation between growth characteristics and the minimum temperature, daily temperature range, and precipitation were high during the vegetative growth stages. Moreover, the correlation between yield components and the maximum temperature, daily temperature range, and precipitation were high during the reproductive growth stages. As a result of k-means clustering, soybean cultivation zones were divided into three zones. Zone 1 was the central inland region and southern Gyeonggi-do; Zone 2 was the southern part of the west coast, the southern part of the east coast, and the South Sea; and Zone 3 included parts of eastern Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do, and areas with high altitudes. Zone 1, which has a wide latitude range, was further subdivided into three cultivation zones. The results of this study may provide useful information for estimating agrometeorological characteristics and predicting the success of soybean cultivation in South Korea.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.575-589
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• 2009

Groundwater has been extracted for irrigation in Sacheon-Hadong area, which is close to the South Sea. We analyzed chemical components of groundwater to examine the effects of seawater intrusion and agricultural activities in the study area. Most groundwater samples displayed the Na/Cl concentration ratios similar to that of seawater (0.55) with an increasing tendency of electrical conductivity ($227-7,910\;{\mu}S/cm$) towards the coast. In addition, statistical interpretation of the cumulative frequency curves of Cl and $HCO_3$ showed that 30.1% of the groundwater samples were highly affected by seawater intrusion. Groundwaters in the study area mostly belonged to the Ca-Cl and Na-Cl type, demonstrating that they were highly influenced by seawater intrusion and cation exchange. The result of oxygen-hydrogen isotope analysis demonstrated slightly higher $\delta^{18}O$ ((-8.53)-(-6.13)‰) and ${\delta}D$ ((-58.7)-(-43.7)‰) comparing to mean oxygen-hydrogen isotope ratios in Korea. As a result of nitrogen isotope analysis, the $\delta^{15}N-NO_3$ values ((-0.5)-(19.1)‰) indicate two major sources of nitrate pollution (organic nitrogen in soil and animal and human wastes) and mixed source of the two. However, denitrification may partly contribute as a source of nitrogen. According to factor analysis, four factors were identified among which factor 1 with an eigenvalue of 6.21 reflected the influence of seawater intrusion. Cluster analysis indicated the classification of groundwater into fresh, saline, and mixed ones.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2017

Rice that the half of population in the world eats as a staple food is mostly produced and consumed in Asia. However, its consumption is nowadays decreasing mainly due to diet diversity. Accordingly, some attempts are in demand to enhance the utilization of rice. In this study, profiling of volatile and non-volatile flavor components in rice pastes obtained by ${\alpha}$-amylase was performed and compared according to nine different rice cultivars domestically cultivated in Korea using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry after a derivatization, respectively. In total, 46 volatile compounds identified included 6 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 4 esters, 4 furan derivatives, 4 ketones, 1 acid, 1 sulfur-containing compound, 7 hydrocarbons, 5 aromatics and 8 terpenes. The non-volatile flavor components found were composed of 12 amino acids, 6 sugars and 4 sugar alcohols. In principal component analysis, rice paste samples could be discriminated according to cultivars on the score plots of volatile and non-volatile flavor compounds. In particular, some volatile compounds such as pentanal and 4,7-dimethylundecane could contribute to distinguish Senong 17 white and Senong 17 brown, whereas ethanol, 6-methylhep-5-en-2-one, and tridecane could be highly related to the discrimination of Iipum from other cultivars. Among non-volatile compounds, some amino acids such as glycine, serine and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid and some sugars such as sucrose and fructose were mainly responsible for the discrimination of Danmi from the other cultivars. On the other hand, galactose, arabitol and mannose were more closely related to Senong 17 white than Senong 17 brown.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2019

Global warming becomes a serious issue that poses subsidiary issues like a sea level rise or a capricious climate over the world. Because of severe heat-wave of the summer in Korea in 2016, a big attention has been focused on urban heat island since then. Not just about heat-wave itself, many researches have been concentrated on how to adapt in this trendy warming climate and weather in a small scope. A big part of existing studies is mitigating "Urban Heat Island effect" and that is because of huge impervious surface in urban area where highly populated areas do diverse activities. It is a serious problem that this thermal context has a high possibility causing mortality by heat vulnerability. However, there have been many articles of a green infrastructures' cooling impact in summer. This research pays attention to measure cooling effect of a street planting considering urban canyon and type of green infrastructures in neighborhood scale. This quantitative approach was proceeded by ENVI-met simulation with a spatial scope of a commercial block in Seoul, Korea. We found the dense double-row planting is more sensitive to change in temperature than that of the single-row. Among the double-row planting scenarios, shrubs which have narrow space between the plant and the land surface were found to store heat inside during the daytime and prevent emitting heat so as to have a higher temperature at night. The quantifying an amount of vegetated spaces' cooling effect research is expected to contribute to a study of the cost and benefit for the planting scenarios' assessment in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.84-104
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• 1994

The migration of population into the city has been on the increase according as Korea has been industrialized repidly since the 1960's. And there is a steady decrease in rural population. Thus lack of the number of the students forced many elementary Schools to be abolished. The aim of this study is to grasp the abolition types and the regional characteristics with the subject region of Chungbuk province. From the viewpoint of the increasing abolition of the elementary schools, I think it is very important to understand how the elementary schools have been abolished so far and predict how the subject region will have been changed in geography. Data for this study are based on Annual Establishment-Abolition Situation of the Schools published by Chungbuk office of Education in 1992, and many Kinds of the statistical reports, and the interview with the related. The results are as follows: 1. By examining the change of the number of the elementary schools and students in Chnugbuk, the numder of the students had also decreased since 1969 and was less than the half in 1990. As the number of the schools began to decrease ten years later than the students began to, the abolition of the elementary schools has started in reality from 1980's. 2. The 72 elementary schools were aboilshed between 1980 and 1992: the principal school is 9.7%, the branch school is 90.3%. The most fifteen schools are abolished in Yongdong-county and Chechon-county, and the least one school is abolished in Chechon-city and Okchon-county, and there is no abolition in Chongju-city and Chungju-city: According to the type of the abolition process, the least seven principal schools are abolished, and the principal school is reorganized as a branch school and twenty eight branch schools are abolished, and the most thirty seven branch schools are abolished. 3. When special change of the abolition is classified into the first perio (1980-1986) and the second period (1987-1992), in the first period the principal and branch schools were abolished and they are 13.9% of total abolition. The abolition out of them by building a dam is 60%. The principal schools in the submerged area though they have many students, were abolished. In the second period sixty two branch schools are abolished and they are 86.1% of total abolition. The most fifteen schools are abolished in Yongdong-county, thirteen in Chechon-county, seven in Tanyang-county, six in Chongwon-county, five in Chungwon-county and Koesan-county. Unlike the first period, the schools were abolished in this period because the number of students was so small. In this period sixty branch schools were abolished. All the students in the abolished schools except six schools transfered to the principal schools. The 58 school authorities help the students attend school by bus or support the expenses for attending school after that. 4. The abolition types of city, county and myon are classified into five types by the number of the abolished schools. The most forty nine abolished schools in type II are 68.1 of the total abolition. The least three abolished ones in type I are 12.5%. Considering the relation between the abolition type ane the number of schools and students, the number of the schools, increased in type I, II, III, V except IV from 1980 and then have decreased by abolition since 1980, while the more students decreased than they did in 1970 and the more the abolished school increases, the less the students decreases. The average students per school decreased in every abolition type and the most students decreased in type IV. 5. Considering the relation between the abolition type and the regional characteristics, most abolished schools were located between 100m and 300m above the sea level and it is 71% of the total abolition. The region without the abolition is high in the ratio of the cultivate land, ratio of rice field, and the part-time farmer, but the region with many abolition is low in the ratio of cultivated land. As for the manufacturing there are the most city, county and myon in the abolition type in Youngdong-county and Chechon-county where the manufacturing ratio of employing is low but Chongju-city without the abolition is a region where the manufacturing ratio is high. Consequently the development of the manufacturing causes the population to emigation out and the decrease of the population leads the transport is difficult of access, the facilities sold after being abolished are not being used in many ways. 7. Take an example of Youndong-county where the most schools were abolished, I have examined the school district and the population characteristics of the abolition. Though there were more villages, households, populations in the region that is higher than low above the sea level, the schools were abolished. Therefore we know that above the sea level had a great effect on the abolition. As a result of the regional analysis of the abolition, many schools were abolished by the artificial buildings such as a dam in the early 1980's but the schools in the late 1980's were abolished ten years later after the students decreased. More schools were abolished in the region where the manufacturing industry didn't develop. And the higher the school position was above the sea level, the sooner the school was abolished. It is also proved that both the beautiful natural scenery and accessibility are the important factor in using the abolished facilities practically.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.92-107
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• 1996

Based on the act.ivity report for the coastal fisheries resources conducted from 1982 to 1989 by West, East Research Institute of Fisheries, some other reports from Korea Rural Economics Institute and etc., and the questionnaire results for the senses of fishermen, the fishing efficiency and conditions of by - catch of small fish in winged stow net were analized, and then some ways to prevent from by - catch of small fishes were suggested in this paper. The nationwide conditions of Permission and Disposal in winged stow net fishery arc that number of cases of coastal winged stow net fishery has dropped to 757 by 1994 while it was 961 in 1991 and that the number of cases of a sectional winged stow net fishery on the contrary has increased to 302 by 1994 while it was 11 in 1991. Regardless of region, catch per net by year in general has been on gradual increase in 1982 through 1989, but that showed decrease in 1994. From the view of region, the proportion of by - catch of shrimps and blenny is higher in Kyonggi, Chungnam with West Sea and that of anchovy and blenny is higher in Chonbuk, Chonnam, Kyongnam with South Sea. The average proportions of by - catch of small fish for 5 years from 1985 to 1989 are 86.9% for sand lance, 69% for anchovy, 63% for big eyed herring, 51% for blenny, 22% for Southern rough shrimp and 19% for akiami paste shrimp, hence sand lance and anchovy are highly by - catch effective while shrimps is not. Ways to prevent the over fishing of small fish in winged stow net fishery includes reduction of fishing frequency during April and August through November, the very season for small fish, use of meshes large enough for small fish to go through and assignment of fishing area to other than habitats of stationary fish.