Abstract
Much attention has been focused on the Baekpoman area due to the archaeological achievements of the past, but studies on prehistoric times when villages began to form is insufficient, and the Bronze Age village landscape was examined in order to supplement this. In the area of Baekpo Bay, the natural geographical limit connected to the inland was culturally confirmed by the distribution density of dolmens, and the generality of the Bronze Age settlement was confirmed with the Hwangsan-ri settlement. Bunto Village in Hwangsan-ri represents a farming-based village in the Baekpo Bay area, and the residential group and the tomb group are located on the same hill, and it is composed of three individual residential groups, and the village landscape had attached buildings used as warehouses and storage facilities. In the area of Baekpo Bay, it spread in the Tamjin River basin and the Yeongsan River basin where Songgukri culture and dolmen culture were integrated, and the density distribution of the villages was considered to correspond to the distribution density of dolmens. In order to examine the landscape of village distribution, the classification of Sochon-Jungchon-Daechon was applied, and it was classified as Sochon, a sub-unit constituting the village, in that the number of settlements constituting the village in the Bronze Age was mostly less than five. There are numerical differences between Jungchon and Daechon, and the distribution pattern does not necessarily coincide with the hierarchy. The three individual residential groups of Bunto Village in Hwangsan-ri are Jungchon composed of complex communities of blood relatives with each family community, and a stabilized village landscape was created in the Gusancheon area. In the area of Baekpo Bay, Bronze Age villages formed a landscape in which small villages were scattered around the rivers and formed a single-layered relationship. Dolmens (tombs) were formed between the villages and villages, and seem to have coexisted. Sochondeul is a family community based on agriculture, and it is believed that self-sufficient stabilized rural villages that live by acquiring various wild resources in rivers, mountains, and the sea formed a landscape.
해남반도 백포만일대의 고고학적 성과는 고대사회에 대한 연구를 촉진하였으나, 선사시대에 대한 연구는 미진한 상황으로 이를 보완하고자 청동기시대 취락 경관을 고찰하였다. 백포만일대는 지리적으로 내륙의 한계선이 확인되고, 문화적으로도 한계선이 나타난다. 백포만일대에서 황산리 분토취락은 지금까지 유일하게 조사된 청동기시대 취락이지만, 일반성을 잘 보여주고 있다. 백포만일대의 청동기시대 문화는 탐진강유역과 영산강유역에서 확산되었다. 취락 밀도분포는 지석묘 분포밀도와 대응할 것이고, 전남지역 취락유적을 통해 확률을 기반으로 소촌-중촌-대촌으로 구분하고, 10기 미만은 소촌으로, 40기 이상은 대촌으로 설정하였다. 전남지역에서 84% 정도가 소촌이고, 대촌은 3% 정도이고, 중촌은 지역별로 분포하는 경향을 보인다. 취락의 단위는 지역별로 차이가 있을 수 있고, 위계와 반드시 일치하지는 않는다. 황산리 분토취락은 주거군과 무덤군이 공존하고, 2~4기의 주거지가 개별주거군을 이루며, 부속건물이 딸려 있는 3개의 개별주거군으로 구성되었다. 개별주거군들은 혈연들의 복합공동체들이고, 농경을 기반으로 구산천일원에서 조망권, 이동, 생태전략적 측면에서 뛰어난 입지를 갖는 취락경관을 이루었다. 백포만일대 취락경관은 황산리 분토취락의 양상과 유물산포지 등의 분포로 보았을 때 현산천과 구산천 주변의 구릉이나 사면부에 대부분 소촌단위로 산재하여 분포하고, 황산리 분토취락은 구산천일원의 중촌취락의 경관을 이룬 것으로 보인다. 취락들은 농경을 기반으로 가족공동체가 하천과 산지, 바다에서 다양한 야생자원을 획득하는 자급자족형의 안정화된 마을들이 경관을 이루었다고 보았다.