• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.7C
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• pp.675-686
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose an efficient face region detection technique for the content-based video summarization. To segment video, shot changes are detected from a video sequence and key frames are selected from the shots. We select one frame that has the least difference between neighboring frames in each shot. The proposed face detection algorithm detects face region from selected key frames. And then, we provide user with summarized frames included face region that has an important meaning in dramas or movies. Using Bayes classification rule and statistical characteristic of the skin pixels, face regions are detected in the frames. After skin detection, we adopt the projection method to segment an image(frame) into face region and non-face region. The segmented regions are candidates of the face object and they include many false detected regions. So, we design a classifier to minimize false lesion using CART. From SGLD matrices, we extract the textual feature values such as Inertial, Inverse Difference, and Correlation. As a result of our experiment, proposed face detection algorithm shows a good performance for the key frames with a complex and variant background. And our system provides key frames included the face region for user as video summarized information.

• Journal of Information Technology and Architecture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.233-241
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• 2012

Architecture framework (AF) is a guideline to define components needed to develop and operate enterprise architecture (EA), and to define relationships among the components. There are many architecture frameworks to operate EA of governments and businesses such as Zachman framework, DoDAF, TOGAF, FEAF, and TEAF. DoDAF is the most representative AF to support the development of the EA in the military domain. DoDAF is composed of eight viewpoints and 40 views that are affiliated with the viewpoints. To develop an AF for a specific goal, system architects decide a set of views. Furthermore, they determine data that are needed for a view modeling. However, views and data in DoDAF are structurally inter-related explicitly and/or implicitly. So, developing an AF for a specific goal is going to be a project to be carried out over a long haul. To reduce the burden of its development, in this paper, we develop ONT-SAF (Ontology for DoDAF) that can infer inter-relationships like referential and transitive relationships and the sequences among the views. Furthermore, to promote reusability and consistency of the views and the data within an AF, we adopt the view-data separation strategy. ONT-DAT contains classes like 'viewpoint', 'view', 'data', 'expression method', and 'reference model', and 11 properties including 'hasView.' To prove the effectiveness of ONT-SAF, we perform a case study.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.8C no.6
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• pp.793-805
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• 2001

In the recent priority system, high-priority packet will be served first and low-priority packet will be served when there isn\`t any high-priority packet in the system. By the way, even high-priority packet can be blocked by HOL (Head of Line) contention in the input queueing System. Therefore, the whole switching performance can be improved by serving low-priority packet even though high-priority packet is blocked. In this paper, we study the performance of preemptive priority in an input queueing switch for high speed switch system. The analysis of this switching system is taken into account of the influence of priority scheduling and the window scheme for head-of-line contention. We derive queue length distribution, delay and maximum throughput for the switching system based on these control schemes. Because of the service dependencies between inputs, an exact analysis of this switching system is intractable. Consequently, we provide an approximate analysis based on some independence assumption and the flow conservation rule. We use an equivalent queueing system to estimate the service capability seen by each input. In case of the preemptive priority policy without considering a window scheme, we extend the approximation technique used by Chen and Guerin [1] to obtain more accurate results. Moreover, we also propose newly a window scheme that is appropriate for the preemptive priority switching system in view of implementation and operation. It can improve the total system throughput and delay performance of low priority packets. We also analyze this window scheme using an equivalent queueing system and compare the performance results with that without the window scheme. Numerical results are compared with simulations.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.10
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• pp.2615-2628
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• 1997

In this paper, a new codebook design algorithm is proposed. It uses a DCT map based on two-dimensional discrete cosine of transform (2D DCT) and finite state vector quantizer (FSVQ) when the vector quantizer is designed for image transmission. We make the map by dividing input image according to edge quantity, then by the map, the significant features of training image are extracted by using the 2D DCT. A master codebook of FSVQ is generated by partitioning the training set using binary tree based on tree-structure. The state codebook is constructed from the master codebook, and then the index of input image is searched at not master codebook but state codebook. And, because the coding of index is important part for high speed digital transmission, it converts fixed length codes to variable length codes in terms of entropy coding rule. The huffman coding assigns transmission codes to codes of codebook. This paper proposes single-side growing huffman tree to speed up huffman code generation process of huffman tree. Compared with the pairwise nearest neighbor (PNN) and classified VQ (CVQ) algorithm, about Einstein and Bridge image, the new algorithm shows better picture quality with 2.04 dB and 2.48 dB differences as to PNN, 1.75 dB and 0.99 dB differences as to CVQ respectively.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.322-331
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• 2003

As the complexity of a 3D game is increased by various factors of the game scenario, it has a problem for controlling the interrelation of the game objects. Therefore, a game system has a necessity of the coordination of the responses of the game objects. Also, it is necessary to control the behaviors of animations of the game objects in terms of the game scenario. To produce realistic game simulations, a system has to include a structure for designing the interactions among the game objects. This paper presents a method that designs the dynamic control mechanism for the interaction of the game objects in the game scenario. For the method, we suggest a game agent system as a framework that is based on intelligent agents who can make decisions using specific rules. Game agent systems are used in order to manage environment data, to simulate the game objects, to control interactions among game objects, and to support visual authoring interface that ran define a various interrelations of the game objects. These techniques can process the autonomy level of the game objects and the associated collision avoidance method, etc. Also, it is possible to make the coherent decision-making ability of the game objects about a change of the scene. In this paper, the rule-based behavior control was designed to guide the simulation of the game objects. The rules are pre-defined by the user using visual interface for designing their interaction. The Agent State Decision Network, which is composed of the visual elements, is able to pass the information and infers the current state of the game objects. All of such methods can monitor and check a variation of motion state between game objects in real time. Finally, we present a validation of the control method together with a simple case-study example. In this paper, we design and implement the supervised classification systems for high resolution satellite images. The systems support various interfaces and statistical data of training samples so that we can select the most effective training data. In addition, the efficient extension of new classification algorithms and satellite image formats are applied easily through the modularized systems. The classifiers are considered the characteristics of spectral bands from the selected training data. They provide various supervised classification algorithms which include Parallelepiped, Minimum distance, Mahalanobis distance, Maximum likelihood and Fuzzy theory. We used IKONOS images for the input and verified the systems for the classification of high resolution satellite images.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.47-54
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• 2017

Purpose - According to agency theory, managers have incentives to adjust firm revenues to meet earnings expectations or delay bad news disclosure because of performance-based compensation and their reputation in the market. When the bad news accumulates, stock prices fail to reflect all available information. Thus, market prices of stocks are higher than their intrinsic value. After all, bad news crosses the tipping point, it comes out all at once. That results in stock crashes. Auditors can decrease stock crash risk by reducing agency costs through their informational role. Especially, stock price crash risk is expected to be lower for firms adopting high-quality audits. We focus on distribution and service industry to examine the relation between audit quality and stock price crash risk. Industry specialization and auditor size are used as proxies for auditor quality. Research design, data and methodology - Our sample contains distribution and service industry firms listed in KOSPI and KOSDAQ during a period of 2004-2011. We use a logistic regression to test whether auditor quality influences crash risk. Auditor quality was measured by industry specialist auditor and Big4 / non-Big4 dichotomy. Following the approach in prior researches, we use firm-specific weekly returns to measure crash risk. Firms experiencing at least one stock price crash in a specific week during year are classified as the high risk group. Results - The result of analyzing 429 companies in distribution and service industry is summarized as follows: Above all, it is shown that higher audit quality has a significant negative(-) effect on the crash risk. Crash risk is alleviated for firms audited by industry specialist auditors and Big 4 audit firms. Therefore, our results show that hypotheses are supported. Conclusions - This study is very meaningful as the first study which investigated the effects of high audit quality on stock price crash risk. We provide evidence that high-quality auditors reduce stock price crash risk. Our finding implies that the risk of extreme losses can be reduced through screening of high-quality auditors. Therefore investors and regulators may utilize our findings in their investment and rule making decisions.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.255-266
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• 2004

In the Web-based information systems, separating the business process logic from the data and presentation logic brings about a wide range of advantages. However, this separation is not easily achieved; even the data logic may be not separated from the presentation layer. So, it requires to define an model for business processes, and then to map the model into the user's dynamic interface using the logic separating strategy. This paper presents a stylesheet method to recognize the process by extending XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations), in order to achieve the logic separation. To do this, it provides an specification of the business process, and a scheme that extracts business model factors and their interactions using a Petri-net notation to show the business model into the process point of view. This is an attempt to separate users' interaction from the business process, that is, dynamic components of interaction Web document from the process structure of Web applications. Our architecture consist mainly of an XSLT controller that is extended by a process control component. The XSLT controller is responsible for receiving the user requests and searching the relevant templet rule related to different user requests one by one. Separation of concerns facilities the development of service-oriented Web sites by making if modular. As a result, the development of service-oriented Web sites would be very easy, and can be changed without affecting the other modules, by virtue of the modularization concept. So, it is easy to develop and maintain the Web applications in independent manner.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.1
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• pp.63-93
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• 1999

This treatise begins with finding a meaning of Paul Klee's . It is pretty simpleto choose the square of Klee. The most important formative language for twenty century is abstraction. The element of speaking for abstraction issquare. The artists are trying to contain the nature and universe in the square. The role of magic square consisting with small squares of Klee is crystallized. The other side, the test of this study is a method analysis. The method analysis is changing while concept and style have been changing according to a period. The existing method analysis is an iconology used many times in Art history. This treatise introduces France symbolists, Bernard Cocula and Claude Peyroutet's analysis of a meaning of image(Semantique do l'image) who were applied to Modern Art. based on Iconography. It also applies to analysis of artwork of Klee. Cocula's is developed from one phase to five phase step by step. The first phase deals with an appearance of artwork. Subsequently, the second phase is directly adjacent to personal feeling and impression. This is an adequate method for image study in the analysis of modern arts. This phase makes it a rule to enjoy talking with artworks above all. The third phase begins with this question 'What do you see? (que voyons-nous?).' The applies exhaustively and strictly to complicated image artworks which need an elaborate analysis. It is very hard but audiences must try to maintain neutrality in front of artwork because cord formation and interpretation should be formed objectively. The meaning analysis and interpretation of the forth phase begins with this question 'what is the image rouse'(qu'evoque cote image?).' This phase is the most important in a process of symbolic analysis. The audience investigates personal elements and common elements. The fifth is synthetic analysis and interpretation phase. The synthesis is last phase and it reaches a valuation and a conclusion. Namely, the synthesis phase makes up synthesis conclusion, summarizes image character, and completes value adjudication. Sometimes it completes no conclusions in a silence. This study found a new possible analysis example from Paul Klee's work. The study emphasizes square analysis and interpretation and uses . The analysis of artwork by Cocula's is an example of the most important work of Klee's three artworks. The first analysis of artwork is and the second one is . The third one is . In these analyses, Klee usedmagic square 'to make natural pictorial element and to explain organic living things.'

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.18
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• pp.225-245
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• 1992

The button is a part of costume. But it has the symbolism of costume in itself and reflects the sociocultural phenomena. The purpose of this study is to clarify symbolism of button of eighteenth and nineteenth century which had been most popular. This study is based on the library research. Through this paper, I reached conclusions as follows. The symbolism of button is found in various ways. First, Aesthetics is found in material, color, design and type etc. of button. Especially Indian silver button of abstract type shows well distinctive aesthetics of Indians. Second, The material and the number of button vary with one's status and show off one's privilege. I England, there was the rule, in which the symbol of the King was a silver button with a figure of lion. The livery button represents his family to the nble and shows the meaning of obedience to the servant. Third, The button on uniform varies with ranks. This is prominent in a uniform of a soldier or a policeman. Fourth Material and craft of button show one's economic position. The button gives a Very good picture of what one's life was then. Precious button with gold, silver, and other jewels is an index to one's property. Fifth, The button of political event is used for election, which shows the face and the name of runner. Besides that, there were buttons designed for the flag or the slogan for political event. Sixth, The button of social event reflects a social phase of life in war or revolution, for example, it satirizes the burning of the Bastille in the French Revolution, or the taxpayer bearing the burden. Seventh, the buttons that symbolize a historic event are made to commemorante an epochal and critical occurrence or an important person's birth, death, visit to some place, etc., Eighth, there were well-known persons, for example, a president, a king, a queen, a singer, or an artist in the buton of personality. Nineth, The button of one's company shows one's community in figures or pictures, that is, this button is used as a symbol one's community. Tenth, The button varies with the development of science and technology. It gives a very good picture of what it was and what the technological level was. Eleventh, The buttons that symmbolize on occupation most impressively are uniform buttons. Symbolic marks related with a particular occupation are carved on the buttons of compary employees' uniforms. Twelfth, Various natural phenomena are designed to appear on buttons, Some express themselves simply as they are, and others appear as a symbolic form such as environmental relationship between men and nature, four seasons, a constellation and all other natural things occurring during a year. Finally, The button of rebus is a motto expressed by a combination with objects figures, letters, words, or phrases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.321-329
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• 2003

To effectively use the cross section of concrete decks, analytical and experimental studies on prestressed steel-box-girder bridges were performed in this study. The method of applying prestress was determined in the analytical study and the longitudinal behavior of the prestressed steel-box-girder bridge was considered in the experimental study. The object model for these studies was a two-span continuous bridge. The method of applying prestress determined herein was divided into two parts: one is that apply prestress to the concrete deck at its intermediate support, and the other is that apply prestress to the lower flange of the steel-box-girder bridge at its end support. The prototype bridge for the experiment was simulated based on the rule of similitude and was fabricated according to construction steps to apply prestress effectively. From the results of the experimental study, it has demonstrated that the prestressed steel-box-girder bridge provides better performance than the general steel-box-girder bridge in view of the increase of the design live load, the reduction of the tensile stress of the concrete deck at intermediate support, and the reduction of the displacement.