• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1982

Carpophores of ten Korean strains of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer, an antitumor polysaccharide producing fungus, were extracted with 0.1N NaOH solution. The extracts were dialized for seven days in distilled water and lyophilized to produce crude polysaccharide powders. Thus obtained crude polysaccharide samples were assayed for sugar contents by colorimetric method with anthrone reagent. Among ten strains examined Lentinus edododes-DMC7 was found to be the richest strain in polysaccharide content of carpophores. By shake culture experiment for biomass production, L. edodes-DMC7 was found to be the second most productive strain among seven strains examined. Cultural characteristics of L. edodes-DMC7 were investigated by shake culture method. The best result was obtained when L. edodes-DMC7 was cultured in the medium containing glucose 8g, starch 80g, yeast extract 12g, $KH_2PO_4\;0.87g,\;MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O\;O.5g,\;CaCl_2\;0.3g,\;FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O\;10mg\;ZnSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O\;4mg,\;CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O\;lmg,\;MnCl_2{\cdot}4H_2O\;7mg\;per\;11\;at\;28^{\circ}C$, 180 rpm, for 12 days. Thus thirty-three grams of dry mycelia was obtained per one liter of medium.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.174-181
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• 2005

Purpose: Reduction of respiratory motion artifacts in PET images was studied using respiratory-gated PET (RGPET) with moving phantom. Especially a method of generating simulated helical CT images from 4D-CT datasets was developed and applied to a respiratory specific RGPET images for more accurate attenuation correction. Materials and Methods: Using a motion phantom with periodicity of 6 seconds and linear motion amplitude of 26 mm, PET/CT (Discovery ST: GEMS) scans with and without respiratory gating were obtained for one syringe and two vials with each volume of 3, 10, and 30 ml respectively. RPM (Real-Time Position Management, Varian) was used for tracking motion during PET/CT scanning. Ten datasets of RGPET and 4D-CT corresponding to every 10% phase intervals were acquired. from the positions, sizes, and uptake values of each subject on the resultant phase specific PET and CT datasets, the correlations between motion artifacts in PET and CT images and the size of motion relative to the size of subject were analyzed. Results: The center positions of three vials in RGPET and 4D-CT agree well with the actual position within the estimated error. However, volumes of subjects in non-gated PET images increase proportional to relative motion size and were overestimated as much as 250% when the motion amplitude was increased two times larger than the size of the subject. On the contrary, the corresponding maximal uptake value was reduced to about 50%. Conclusion: RGPET is demonstrated to remove respiratory motion artifacts in PET imaging, and moreover, more precise image fusion and more accurate attenuation correction is possible by combining with 4D-CT.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2008

The MRLs (maximum residue limits) of DDT (DDD and DDE) in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng are set as low as 0.01 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, this study was undertaken to develop a simple and highly sensitive analysis method, as well as to reduce interfering ginseng matrix peaks, for the determination of DDT isomers (o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT) in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng at the 0.01 mg/kg level. The method used acetonitrile extraction according to simultaneous analysis, followed by normal-phase Florisil solid-phase extraction column clean-up. The purification method entailed the following steps: (1) dissolve the concentrated sample extract in 7 mL hexane; (2) add 3 mL of $H_2SO_4$; (3) vigorously shake on avortex mixer; (4) cetrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 min; (5) transfer 3.5 mL of the supernatant to the Florisil-SPE (500 mg/6 mL);and (6) elute the SPE column with 1.5 mL of hexane and 10 mL of ether/hexane (6:94). The determination of DDT isomers was carried out by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}$ECD). The hexane and ether/hexane (6:94) eluate significantly removed chromatographic interferences, and the addition of 30% $H_2SO_4$ to the acetonitrile extract effectively reduced many interfering ginseng matrix peaks, to allow for the determination of the DDT isomers at the 0.01 mg/kg level. The recoveries of the 6 fortified (most at 0.01 mg/kg) DDT isomers from fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng ranged from 87.9 to 99.6%. The MDLs (method detection limits) ranged from 0.003 to 0.009 mg/kg. Finally, the application of this method for the determination of DDT isomers is sensitive, rapid, simple, and inexpensive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1245-1250
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• 2006

This study was carried out to develop the method of preparing lecithin-fortified ginseng extract. Firstly, soybean lecithin was mixed with soybean oil (LCS) in varying ratio (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20%). Then, one part volume of LCS was mixed with three parts volume of ginseng extract with 10% solid matter content and the mixture was vortexed vigorously. Finally, the mixture was spinned at the speed of 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes to separate oil and aqueous ginseng extract layer (AG). AG was then subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of phospholipids and ginsenosides. Fatty acid composition and crude fat content before and after LCS was determined. Stability of lecithin in ginseng extract was determined by analyzing phospholipid content in the one third upper and lower layer of the concentrated AG in Falcon tubes while storing the LCS treated concentrated AG in 4, 25 and 40oC for 6 months. Ratio of lecithin transferred to AG increased with the increase in lecithin content of soybean oil. There was no significant change in fatty acid composition and crude fat content, and ginsenoside content in the ginseng extract before and after LCS treatment. TLC and HPLC pattern of saponin fraction before and after treating the ginseng extract with LCS demonstrated no observable difference. There was no change in lecithin content in the upper and lower one third layer of ginseng extract in the tubes after storing the concentrated AG in 4, 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 months. Ginsenosides HPLC pattern was not changed when stored the LCS-treated ginseng extract in those conditions for six months, indicating satisfiable stability of the LCS-treated concentrated ginseng extract. From these results, it can be concluded that treatment of the ginseng extract with lecithin containing soybean oil is a labor effective method with satisfiable stability to fortify lecithins to ginseng extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.921-927
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of die temperature and repeated extrusion on physical properties of extruded white ginseng (EWG). The die temperature was adjusted to 100, 120, and $140^{\circ}C$, and extrusion was repeated under the same conditions with their corresponding samples. Specific mechanical energy input decreased as die temperature increased during extrusions. The secondary extruded white ginseng (SEWG) at a die temperature of $120^{\circ}C$ showed a higher expansion index than other extrudates. Elevation of both die temperature and repeated extrusion increased the specific length of extrudates. The highest apparent elastic modulus, breaking strength, and water solubility index obtained from SEWG at a die temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ were $7.53{\times}10^8N/m^2$, $7.49{\times}10^5N/m^2$, and 39.02%, respectively. When die temperature increased, water absorption index (WAI) decreased. The WAI of SEWG was higher than that of EWG. In conclusion, repeated extrusion affected physical properties of white ginseng and could be applied to produce improved quality of ginseng products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.413-420
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• 2019

In this study, a sample preparation method and a simultaneous determination method by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for 9 isomers of chlorogenic acid and arbutin in fruits were developed. The samples were extracted using 90% methanol (pH 3.0), with the solutions being shaken and then sonicated for 10 min each. After centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 min, the extraction was concentrated under a vacuum at $40^{\circ}C$ using a vacuum evaporator. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of 5% methanol and filtered through a $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane before UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The separations were performed on a C18 column with gradient elution of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and methanol (containing 0.1% formic acid). The specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, and precision of the proposed methods were also evaluated.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.399-407
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• 2009

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is an simple analysis method for directly quantifying many kinds of soil micro-elements on site using a small size of laser without pre-treatment at any property of materials(solid, liquid and gas). The purpose of this study were to find an optimum condition of the LIBS measurement including wavelengths for quantifying soil elements, to relate spectral properties to the concentration of soil elements using LIBS as a simultaneous un-breakdown quantitative analysis technology, which can be applied for the safety assessment of agricultural products and precision agriculture, and to compare the results with a standardized chemical analysis method. Soil samples classified as fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalf(Memphis series) from grassland and uplands in Tennessee, USA were collected, crushed, and prepared for further analysis or LIBS measurement. The samples were measured using LIBS ranged from 200 to 600 nm(0.03 nm interval) with a Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm, with a beam energy of 25 mJ per pulse, a pulse width of 5 ns, and a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The optimum wavelength(${\lambda}nm$) of LIBS for estimating soil and plant elements were 308.2 nm for Al, 428.3 nm for Ca, 247.8 nm for T-C, 438.3 nm for Fe, 766.5 nm for K, 85.2 nm for Mg, 330.2 nm for Na, 213.6 nm for P, 180.7 nm for S, 288.2 nm for Si, and 351.9 nm for Ti, respectively. Coefficients of determination($r^2$) of calibration curve using standard reference soil samples for each element from LIBS measurement were ranged from 0.863 to 0.977. In comparison with ICP-AES(Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) measurement, measurement error in terms of relative standard error were calculated. Silicon dioxide(SiO2) concentration estimated from two methods showed good agreement with -3.5% of relative standard error. The relative standard errors for the other elements were high. It implies that the prediction accuracy is low which might be caused by matrix effect such as particle size and constituent of soils. It is necessary to enhance the measurement and prediction accuracy of LIBS by improving pretreatment process, standard reference soil samples, and measurement method for a reliable quantification method.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2019

Purpose: Recently TF-adaptive movement is developed in order to increase the durability of TF files. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of adaptive movement on durability and performance of twisted files. Materials and Methods: Resin blocks simulating artificial J-shape canals were used for this study. In TFC group, TF-adaptive ML-1 (25/.08 size) files were used to prepare the canals under continuous rotation 500 rpm/4.0 Ncm. In TFA group, TF-adaptive ML-1 (25/.08 size) files were used to prepare the canals under adaptive movement. After preparing each artificial canal, TF files were observed under dental microscope for assessing existence of unwinding, distortion, and fracture. If unwinding of flute was observed, the number of artificial canals until unwinding of flute occurs was recorded. Required time until instruments reach working length and distance of unwinded portion of files from D0 were measured. All test results were conducted by Mann-Whitney U test at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: No Ni-Ti instrument's separation was observed. Number of resin blocks until file unwinding happens and working time was significantly high in TFA group compared to TF group. Distance of distortion from D0 didn't show significant difference between TFA, TF groups. Conclusion: The number of resin blocks prepared until unwinding happens and working time were significantly high in TFA group. The location of unwinding showed no significant difference between 2 groups. Adaptive movement increased the number of canals prepared until unwinding occurs and working time of twisted files.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 2015

This study was conducted to develop the fertigation system with a peristaltic hose pump and brushless DC motor. The fertigation system was consisted of sensor, main controller, motor control unit, peristaltic pump, water supply pump, control panel, and filter. The peristaltic pump discharges liquid by squeezing the tube with rollers. Rollers attached to the external circumference of the rotor compresses the flexible tube. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing. The developed fertigation system has no mixing tank but instead injects directly a concentrated nutrient solution into a water supply pipe. The revolution speed of the peristaltic pump is controlled by PWM (Pulse width modulation) method. When the revolution speed of the peristaltic pump was 300rpm, the flow rate of the 3.2, 4.8, 6.3mm diameter tube was 202, 530, 857mL/min, respectively. As increasing revolution speed, the flow rate of the peristaltic pump linearly increased. As the inner diameter of a tube larger, a slope of graph is more steep. Flow rate of three roller was more than that of four roller. Flow rate of a norprene tube with good restoring force was more than that of a pharmed tube. As EC sensor probe was installed in direct piping in comparison with bypass piping showed good performance. After starting the system, it took 16~17 seconds to stabilize EC. The maximum value of EC was 1.44~1.7dS/m at a setting value of 1.4dS/m. The developed fertigation system showed ±0.06dS/m deviation from the setting value of EC. In field test, Cucumber plants generally showed good growth. From these findings, this fertigation system can be appropriately suitable for fertigation culture for crops.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.703-715
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the fermentation characteristics and anti-obesity effects of acetic acid fermentation products of coffee wine. The live cell counts, soluble solids, pH and total acidity of the acetic acid unfermented coffee wine (AUFCW; day 0, before fermentation) were 6.35 log CFU/mL, 8.10 °Brix, 3.88, and 1.29%, respectively, while the acetic acid fermented coffee wine (AFCW; day 15, after fermentation) were 4.40 log CFU/mL, 8.57 °Brix, 3.07, and 7.45%, respectively. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity tended to increase as the acetic acid fermentation period increased. The anti-obesity effects of AFCW on 3T3-L1 cells, which was induced by MDI, were evaluated based on the lipid accumulation rate, leptin expression, and fat production-related gene expression (PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c) at the mRNA level. In the case of AFCW, the lipid accumulation rate and leptin expression were decreased to 69.37% and 50.20% at a concentration of 200 ㎍/mL, respectively, and the expression levels of PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c at the mRNA level were decreased to 79.89% and 48.81%, respectively. These results indicate that anti-obesity effect of acetic acid fermentation products could be increased by acetic acid fermentation of coffee wine.