• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2016

Purpose: In order to ensure that vegetable seedlings (with a soil block around their roots) are planted in an upright orientation after metering in a vegetable transplanter, they need to be dropped freely from a certain height. The walk-behind hand-tractor-powered machines do not have sufficient space to drop the seedlings from that height. In the present work, a hopper-type planting device was developed for the walk-behind hand-tractor-powered vegetable transplanter to ensure that the soil block seedlings are planted in an upright orientation. Methods: Various dimensionless terms were developed based on the dimensional analysis approach, and their effect on the planting of soil block seedlings in an upright orientation (planting efficiency) was studied. The optimum design dimensions of the hopper-type planting device were identified by the Taguchi method of optimization. Results: The ratio of the height of free fall to the sliding distance of the seedling on the surface of the hopper had the highest influence on planting efficiency. The planting efficiency was highest for plants with a height $15{\pm}2cm$. The plant handling Froude number, in interaction with the design of the hopper-type planting device, also significantly affected the planting efficiency. Of the hopper design factors, the length of the slide of the seedlings on the surface of the hopper was most important, and induced sufficient velocity and rotation to cause the seedling to fall in an upright orientation. An evaluation of the performance of the planting device under actual field conditions revealed that the planting efficiency of the developed planting device was more than 97.5%. Conclusions: As the seedlings were fed to the metering device manually, an increase in planting rate increased missed plantings. The planting device can be adopted for any vegetable transplanter in which the seedlings are allowed to drop freely from the metering device.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2011

This study was carried out to test a red pepper tedding factors which is needed for design and development of an auto-tedding machine and a performance. According to this test, the results can be summarized as follows: The results of the tedding factors test according to shape of rotary blade, which is the 0.4 to 0.5 mm brush type, was found to be the most appropriate. As a result of tedding ratio which includes brush diameters, driving velocities and rotation velocities, there was generally no significance difference, but the red pepper tedding efficiency was found to be 39.7%. The moisture drying rate of red pepper was found to be 0.9 %w.b./h in prototype auto-tedding machine and 0.4 %w.b./h in traditional practice. The drying time was found to be 3 days in prototype auto-tedding machine and the traditional practice was 6 days. The average variable coefficient of the red pepper moisture content was found to be 16.8% in prototype auto-tedding machine in comparing with the traditional practice of 35.0%. This test showed a difference around two times, and this difference was evaluated to be the reason for irregular drying and different drying times.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2016

Total thickness variation (TTV), BOW, and surface roughness are essential characteristics for high quality sapphire substrates. Many researchers have attempted to increase removal rate by controlling the key process parameters like pressure and velocity owing to the high cost of consumables in sapphire chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In case of the pressure approach, increased pressure owing to higher deviation of pressure over the wafer leads to significant degradation of the TTV. In this study, the authors focused on reducing TTV under the high-pressure conditions. When the production equipment polishes multiple wafers attached on a carrier, higher loads seem to be concentrated around the leading edge of the head; this occurs because of frictional force generated by the combination of table rotation and the height of the gimbal of the polishing head. We believe the skewed pressure distribution during polishing to be the main reason of within-wafer non-uniformity (WIWNU). The insertion of a hub ring between the polishing head and substrate carrier helped reduce the pressure deviation. Adjusting the location of the hub ring enables tuning of the pressure distribution. The results indicated that the position of the hub ring strongly affected the removal profile, which confirmed that the position of the hub ring changes the pressure distribution. Furthermore, we analyzed the deformation of the head via finite element method (FEM) to verify the pressure non-uniformity over the contact area Based on experiment and FEM results, we determined the optimal position of hub ring for achieving uniform polishing of the substrate.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.194-195
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• 1982

Recommendaton: These are the highlights of the findings of the Timber Consumption Survey carried out by the Project in 1966, and covering consumption for the period from 1961 to 1965. The survey was oriented towards consumption for structural, commercial and industrial purposes and existing estimates for local (village-level) consumption as fuel and the like were adopted. A full report on the survey was submitted to the Bureau of Forestry in 1966. Long-term Trends: After allowance for anticipated population increase, this ten year's increase in industrial wood consumption represents a gain of about 30% in per capita consumption (from 0.0913 cu.m. per capita to 0.118 cu.m. per capita). This is only about half the expected general economic growth of about 75% (7% per annum). It is therefore likely (a) that the 1975 estimate is conservative, (b) that the consumption demand beyond 1975 may be expected to build up at a greatly increased rate. Estimated income elasticity coefficients are high, and with expected ir,creases in prosperity and population, the consumption is expected to rise to 10 million cu. meters by the year 2,000. Consumption Pattern: The breakdown of industrial consumption (1965) is given in Table 4-2, showing sawnwood consumption as the most important in 1965. The upward trend in all sectors over the 1961-65 period is expected to continue. The general consumption pattern is expected to change through 1975 with a sharp increase in the relative importance of pulp products (to 30% of total consumption) offset by declining relative importance of sawlogs. The following recommendations follow from the study: (i) Industrial forests. - A programme of establishment of consolidated industrial forests should be initiated as a matter of urgency. (ii) Fuelwood forests - Properly sited, protected and managed fuelwood forest, worked on a 20-year rotation, should be established as a nation wide basis. (iii) Hardwood utilization - Detailed investigations are required into the use of indigenous hardwoods for the pulp, particle board and hardboard industries. (iv) Mining timber - Preservation treatment of all mining timber should be enforced by law. (v) Sawmills - Licencing restrictions should be enforced to reduce the number of small, inefficient sawmills. b. Extension work should be undertaken bv government to improve sawmilling practices.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1088-1095
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• 2009

In this paper, we describe the reorientation method of distorted road sign by using projection transformation for improving recognition rate of road sign. RSR (Road Sign Recognition) is one of the most important topics for implementing driver assistance in intelligent transportation systems using pattern recognition and vision technology. The RS (Road Sign) includes direction of road or place name, and intersection for obtaining the road information. We acquire input images from mounted camera on vehicle. However, the road signs are often appeared with rotation, skew, and distortion by perspective camera. In order to obtain the correct road sign overcoming these problems, projection transformation is used to transform from 4 points of image coordinate to 4 points of world coordinate. The 4 vertices points are obtained using the trajectory as the distance from the mass center to the boundary of the object. Then, the candidate areas of road sign are transformed from distorted image by using homography transformation matrix. Internal information of reoriented road signs is segmented with arrow and the corresponding indicated place name. Arrow area is the largest labeled one. Also, the number of group of place names equals to that of arrow heads. Characters of the road sign are segmented by using vertical and horizontal histograms, and each character is recognized by using SAD (Sum of Absolute Difference). From the experiments, the proposed method has shown the higher recognition results than the image without reorientation.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.127-136
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• 1984

Xenopus 수정란을 중력에 대해 새로운 방향으로 기울이거나 연속회전시키는 일련의 방법을 통하여 배/복측 극성 (dorsal/ventral polarity) 형성에 관계되는 다음과 같은 사실을 알게 되었다. (1) 수정 후 난을 $15^\\circ, 30^\\circ, 45^\\circ 및 60^\\circ$ 각도로 기울인 채 발생시키면 원구배순부는 보통중력의 반대쪽에 형성되었으며, $15^\\circ에서 60^\\circ$로 기울이는 각도를 증가시킬수록 변경되는 율도 증가하였다. (2) 자외선을 조사한 수정란을 제 1 분열전 $15^\\circ, 30^\\circ, 45^\\circ, 60^\\circ$등의 각도를 유지한 상태에서 발생시킨 결과 자외선에 의한 축형성의 발생결함이 회복되었으며 이때 기울이는 각도가 클수록 그 회복율도 증가하였다. (3) 여러 속도의 정속회전대 (clinostat)상에서 수정란을 발생시킬 경우 비교적 저속인 $0.45 \\sim 9.0$ rph에서는 원구배순부의 형성 장소가 난의 회전방향에 의존하였으나, $40 \\sim 360$ rph에서는 무작위한 방향으로 나타났다. 한편 정속회전대를 경험한 embryo는 대부분 정상적인 발생을 보였으나 축형성상의 결함을 보이는 개체도 아울러 관찰되었다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 배/복측 극성 결정기작과 연관지어 논의하였다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2017

디스플레이 제조 공정에서는 패널의 이송 목적으로 컨베이어 시스템이 널리 사용된다. 이 컨베이어에는 정전기로 인한 제품 불량을 예방하기 위해 접지선이 다수 사용되는데, 이송 롤러의 회전 운동이나 말림 등의 원인으로 접지선이 단선되어 제품 불량으로 이어지는 경우가 빈번히 발생된다. 이런 문제 해결을 위해 접지선의 단선을 실시간으로 검출 가능한 시스템의 필요성이 커지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 컨베이어 구동부와 패널의 마찰로 발생되는 ESD(Electro-Static Discharge) 접지선의 단선 모니터링 시스템을 제안한다. 제안 시스템은 ATmega 2560 및 휘트스톤 브릿지(Wheatstone Bridge) 회로를 이용해 접지선의 단선 및 탈조 검출이 가능한 모니터링 시스템으로써, 접지선의 단선을 즉시 검출해 조치할 수 있으므로, 정전기로 인한 제품의 불량률을 줄일 수 있다. 본 논문에서 제안한 시스템은 접지선이 사용되는 산업의 생산 및 시험 장비에 적용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.1566-1576
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• 2007

Camera pose information from 2D face image is very important for making virtual 3D face model synchronize with the real face. It is also very important for any other uses such as: human computer interface, 3D object estimation, automatic camera control etc. In this paper, we have presented a camera position determination algorithm from a single 2D face image using the relationship between mouth position information and face region boundary information. Our algorithm first corrects the color bias by a lighting compensation algorithm, then we nonlinearly transformed the image into $YC_bC_r$ color space and use the visible chrominance feature of face in this color space to detect human face region. And then for face candidate, use the nearly reversed relationship information between $C_b\;and\;C_r$ cluster of face feature to detect mouth position. And then we use the geometrical relationship between mouth position information and face region boundary information to determine rotation angles in both x-axis and y-axis of camera position and use the relationship between face region size information and Camera-Face distance information to determine the camera-face distance. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of our algorithm and the correct determination rate is accredited for applying it into practice.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.477-482
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• 1986

종자용 호밀의 탈곡시 정상 탈곡기회전속도의 기준을 설정하고자 출수후 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 일에 예취하고 예취하여 0, 1, 2, 3일간씩 포장에 깔아말린 다음 급동반경 18.6cm, 급치높이 6cm인 탈곡기로 각각 400 RPM에서 1000 RPM까지 100RPM간격으로 회전속도를 조절하며 탈곡하였으며 각 예취시기 및 탈곡직전에 종실의 수분함량을 조사하고 탈곡후 손상입률, 발아율 및 출현률을 조사하였다. 1. 호밀 종실의 수분함양은 출수후 40 일에 59.1％였고, 종실의 건물종이 최고에 달한 출수후 55일에는 36.3％였으며, 출수후 60일에는 20.1％ 로 떨어 졌다. 2. 출수후 55 일에 예취하고 1∼2일 포장에 깔아 말린 후 500∼600RPM으로 탈곡하였을 때 손상립률 10% 이하, 발아율 90% 이상, 출현율 80% 이상인 충실한 종실을 얻을 수 있었다. 3. 탈곡종실의 손상립률과 발아율은 종실의 수분함량과 높은 상관이 있었다. 4. 탈곡기의 탈곡력은 급동의 회전속도의 제곱에 비례하고, 또 급동반경에 비례하므로 회전속도의 기준은 급동반경을 고려하여 설정함이 타당한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.715-721
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• 2007

In this study, the sphericity of calcium alginate gel beads was optimized using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for bead sphericity were a concentration of 2.24% sodium alginate, a flow rate of 0.059 mL/sec for the sodium alginate solution, and a 459 rpm rotation for the calcium chloride solution. The predicted and experimental bead sphericities under the optimum conditions were 94.5 and 96.7%, respectively, showing close agreement. We also investigated the processing condition effects for the physical properties of the optimized calcium alginate gel beads. Immersion in hot water slightly decreased bead size and rupture strength. NaCl treatment increased bead size and decreased rupture strength. While the pH of the calcium chloride solution had little effect on bead sphericity, the bead sizes and gel strengths decreased with longer times in each pH solution. The beads coated with pectin and glucomannan showed no significant changes in sphericity, but their sizes decreased with time. The coated beads showed higher rupture strengths than the uncoated beads.