• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2019

Revision work on the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds was undertaken in 2007 and presently, revisions for most food groups have been completed. For vegetables, the work was conducted during 2014-2017, and the final draft revision was adopted by the $40^{th}$ Codex Alimentarius Commission (2017). Here, the revised classification of vegetable commodities is introduced in order to be utilized in various food-related fields, in particular, food safety regulation. The revised classification is briefly summarized as follows: Codex classified vegetables into 10 groups (Group 009-018): bulb vegetables (Group 009), Brassica vegetables (except Brassica leafy vegetables) (Group 010), fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits (Group 011), fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits (Group 012), leafy vegetables (including Brassica leafy vegetables) (Group 013), legume vegetables (Group 014), pulses (Group 015), root and tuber vegetables (Group 016), stalk and stem vegetables (Group 017) and edible fungi (Group 018). The groups are further divided into a total of 33 subgroups. In the Classification, 430 different commodity codes are assigned to vegetable commodities. Meanwhile, Korea's Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) does not include potatoes, beans and mushrooms within a vegetable group. In addition, the MFDS divides one vegetable group into six subgroups including flowerhead Brassicas, leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits, and fruiting vegetables other than Cucurbits. Therefore, care is needed in using the Codex Classification.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1988

This study was carried out to find out the possibility of suppressing the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) of vegetable crops in vinyl house by soil solarization between crop seasons at Suweon in August, 1986. Soils in vinyl house were sterilized by polyethylene film of 0.03 mm thick with and without inner tunnel within a house(single and double layer solarization), and soil temperatures and nematode densities at 5, 15 and 30cm soil depth were recorded. Rootknot nematodes in soil contained in a vinyl bag were completely killed within 48hr at $40^{\circ}C$ in an incubator. With double layer treatment, the highest temperatures were $48.7^{\circ}C$ at 15cm and $45.2^{\circ}C$ at 30cm soil depth when outdoor temperature was $30^{\circ}C$, and the lethal temperature above $40^{\circ}C$ was recorded for 17 days with 7hr per day at 5cm soil depth from Aug 1 to Aug 31. Due to the increased temperature, root-knot nematode densitiy was suprressed 96,74 and 54% with sigle layer solarization and 100,99 and 98% with double layer solarization at 5,15 and 30cm soil depth, respectively. It is concluded that double layer solarization during hot summer will provide a sufficient level of suppresson on root-knot nematodes remnant in the soil of vegetable crops in vinyl house.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.72-78
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• 2021

Various management systems are being broadly employed to minimize crop yield loss resulting from abiotic and biotic stresses. Here we introduce a Bacillus zanthoxyli HS1 strain as a potent candidate for managing manifold stresses on vegetable plants. Considering 16S rDNA sequence and biochemical characteristics, the strain is closely related to B. zanthoxyli. The B. zanthoxyli HS1's soil-drench confers disease resistance on tomato and paprika plants against infection with Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. Root and shoot growths are also increased in B. zanthoxyli HS1-treated cabbage, cucumber, and tomato plants, compared with those in mock-treated plants, after application of high salinity solution. Moreover, the pretreatment of B. zanthoxyli HS1 on cabbage plants inhibits the degradation of chloroplast pigments caused by high salinity stresses, whereas the inhibitory effect is not observed in cucumber plants. These findings suggest that B. zanthoxyli HS1 stain inhibits disease development and confers tolerance to salinity stress on vegetable plants.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to analyze the heath factors for longevity index of survival rate in Korean centenarians, which contribute to longevity. Methods: The subjects of this paper included 996 centenarians in 276 regions of Korea that the data in this study was collected from the National Statistical Office, Republic of Korea in 2005. This paper that proposes indicators as follow: The ratio between the longevity index above 100 years old (100LI) and the survival rate above 65 years old (65SR): 100LISR. The study that examined the longevity factors that between 100LISR and health factors. Results: The results of this study showed that Gyeryong City (23 per 10,000 above 65 years old) included the most of 100LISR in Korea, followed by Cheju Island. The regression showed that significant predictors for longevity (100LISR) were non-drinking, non-smoking, garlic and root vegetable and elderly people are suffering serious health problems, they need caregivers for elderly care (R-Sq(%)=83.9, P=0.001). The correlation showed that significant factors as longevity were Sulfur dioxide (r=-0.677, p=0.004). Conclusion: The implications of this study are that longevity is to be fostered by promoting healthy behaviors of elderly and by inventing various policies to mitigate the environmental pollution.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1415-1419
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• 2013

Electron beam (EB) irradiation was tested to determine the dose required to eradicate plant pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea and Agrobacterium rhizogenes, from the infected seeds without affecting the germination rate of the irradiated vegetable seeds, including crown daisy, cucumber, hot pepper, green onion, leaf lettuce, and radish seeds. EB irradiation of 1.5 kGy and 2 kGy was sufficient to kill 100% of hairy root disease bacteria and gray mold conidia, respectively. EB irradiation showed no effect or minimal effect on the germination rate of the crown daisy, cucumber, green onion, and radish seeds. However, the germination rate of the hot pepper and leaf lettuce seeds was significantly reduced by using 2 kGy of EB irradiation. Difference in susceptibility to EB irradiation appears not to be related to the weight of each seed, but to the intrinsic characteristic of each plant. Conclusively, EB irradiation might be a useful way to decontaminate crown daisy, cucumber, green onion, and radish seeds.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.3
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• pp.38-53
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• 2021

This research uncovered that the world-renowned British Museum has displayed ginseng as part of notable exhibitssince its opening. The British Museum was established in 1753 upon the bequest of Sir Hans Sloane, a famous physician, scientist, and collector. At the heart of his collections was the vast amount of vegetable substance specimens. This study first reconstructed Sloane's collection activities in the context of British Imperialism and botanical science in the early modern period. It then traced the origins and routes by which four ginseng specimens were obtained: Radix Ginseng or ninzin from China (VS 532), Ginseng. Id (VS 8,198), the roots and seeds of ginseng (VS 7,825), and ginseng root (VS 12,140). These specimens were presumed to originate from one type of Korean ginseng from China, a Japanese ginseng variant from Japan, and two ginseng species from North America. The English public learned about ginseng and ginseng exhibits via a flourishing printing culture. In England, Korean ginseng was appreciated much more highly than American ginseng.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of anaerobic fermentation of wheat bran to prevent root-knot nematodes which are infected in plastic house due to over 10 years continuous cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Anaerobic fermentation treatment of wheat bran was done for 20 days by mixture of 2,000 kg fresh wheat bran per 10 are and soil with water in 30 cm soil depth. Chemical treatment of fosthiazate was done by mixture of 6 kg soil for 7 days. Both treatments show suppression of density of rootknot nematodes, especially in anaerobic fermentation treatment. Anaerobic fermentation treatment keeps the low level of root-knot nematode density until 90 days of cultivation and also showed good effect of melon growth. Related with death percentage of melon plant, anaerobic fermentation treatment shows only 3% and also large size of quality fruit but control 65%. Anaerobic fermentation treatment of wheat bran have proved to control the level of root-knot nematodes instead of synthetic chemicals for at least one cropping season and it showed good effect to fruit quality.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the long-term effect of the elevated temperature and $CO_2$ concentration on the plant biomass, C/N ratio, and proximate composition of radish. Elevated temperature by 2~2.5 higher than ambient temperature decreased plant biomass by 39% in the spring and 26% in the autumn, respectively. Elevated $CO_2$ concentration by $220{\sim}230{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$ higher than ambient $CO_2$ concentration increased plant biomass especially in root. The elevated $CO_2$ concentration, however, could not compensate for the negative effect of elevated temperature on the plant biomass entirely. Elevated temperature increased T/R ratio by 86% in the spring and 60% in the autumn, respectively. Elevated temperature lowered C/N ratio and raised crude protein, crude fat, and ash content in radish root. On the contrary, elevated $CO_2$ concentration raised C/N ratio and lowered the crude protein, crude fiber, and ash contents. These results indicate that climate change affect the biomass yield and internal materials of radish depending on the extent of temperature and $CO_2$ concentration rise in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.535-542
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate effects of waterlogging on the growth, physiological responses, and yield of Kimchi cabbage. The growth of Kimchi cabbage with applied optimized air temperature (set to $20^{\circ}C$) was greater than those with high air temperature (set to $30^{\circ}C$) and the growth significantly decreased by severe waterlogging treatment. The net photosynthetic rate of outer leaves on one hour after waterlogging treatment was higher at 72 hours waterlogging treatment in $20^{\circ}C$ and lower at 24 hours of waterlogging treatment in $30^{\circ}C$. The root activity was decreased by the elevation of waterlogging periods in $20^{\circ}C$ treatment and lower by the short of waterlogging periods in $30^{\circ}C$ treatment. The ratio of formality with non-waterlogging treatment was approximately 64% under $20^{\circ}C$ air temperature and that of range was from 16 to 30% under $30^{\circ}C$. The yield under $20^{\circ}C$ showed higher than that under high air temperature. The non-waterlogging treatment in $20^{\circ}C$ had 4,463 kg/10a, which was the greatest among all treatments, while yields of non-waterlogging treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ were significantly low as 1,082 kg/10a. Results suggested that additional drainage work should be needed to overcome waterlogged conditions of open field during heavy rainfall and should be drainage as soon as possible if there are waterlogging.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1415-1420
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• 2009

The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli) in soil, poultry manure, irrigation water, and freshly harvested vegetables from vegetable farms in Malaysia. C. jejuni was detected in 30.4% and 2.7% of the soil samples, 57.1 % and 0% of the manure samples, and 18.8% and 3% of the vegetable samples from farm A and farm B, respectively, when using the MPN-PCR method. Campylobacter spp. was not found in any of the irrigation water samples tested. Therefore, the present results indicate that the aged manure used by farm A was more contaminated than the composted manure used by farm B. Mostly, the leafy and root vegetables were contaminated. C. coli was not detected in any of the samples tested in the current study. Both farms tested in this study were found to be contaminated by campylobacters, thereby posing a potential risk for raw vegetable consumption in Malaysia. The present results also provide baseline data on Campylobacter contamination at the farm level.