• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.439-449
• /
• 2023

This study was conducted to verify the role of forest roads in the extinction of large forest fires in Korea. The study area was the forest fire-damaged area of Gangneung City, Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province, in April 2023, which is one of the areas with the highest road density among the major forest fires that have occurred so far. The scope of the forest fire damage area was confirmed through on-site survey, and the intensity of the fire was carried out through Sentinel-2 satellite imagery analysis. After that, the relationship between the damage range and intensity and the forest road was examined. About 59.6 km of roads were built within 50 m from the boundary of the forest fire damage area, which can easily access the entire 149.1 ha of forest fire damaged area. The road density is as high as 168.9 m/ha. All forests that were fragmented by roads were fragmented into 83 places, and all of these forests could be judged to have spread by spotting fire. As a result of analyzing the distribution of damage intensity by distance from the road to see the extent of damage according to the ease of access of fire extinguishing vehicles, it was confirmed that the proportion of areas with low-intensity damage has increased sharply even from 75 m or more away from the road. The results of analyzing the distribution of damage intensity by altitude to see the extent of damage according to the ease of access of fire extinguishing showed that the proportion of areas with low-intensity damage increased as the altitude increased, while the proportion of areas with damage of more than strong intensity decreased as the altitude increased. It was confirmed that there is no data that roads inside or adjacent to forests in the forest fire area of Gangneung City are effective in extinguishing forest fires. These results are contrary to the logic that increasing the road density in forests is effective in extinguishing forest fires. In the case of this fire area in Gangneung City, the road density is 43 times higher than the current road density in Korea claimed by the Korea Forest Service of 3.9 m/ha. This study suggests that roads can be a hindrance to extinguishing forest fires.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.45-54
• /
• 2017

With rapid urbanization and reckless urban development in the 21st century, the urban environment has gradually gotten worse, and urban heat island effect has been dramatically intensified. Thus, the importance of street greenery that can mitigate the urban heat island effect has further been highlighted. In this regard, this study was aimed at selecting suitable plant species for street greenery to reduce the urban heat island effect. Towards this end, five roads located in Seocho-gu, Seoul were selected as study sites, and plant species composition and difference of surface temperature were compared and analyzed in relation to the light transmittance. The street with the greatest temperature difference is Bangbae-ro(Platanus occidentalis). On the other hand, the road with the lowest temperature difference is Nambusunhwan-doro(Metasequoia Glyptostroboides). The effect of temperature reduction was found to be associated with light transmittance.Bangbae-ro(Platanus occidentalis) with the lowest light transmittance showed the highest temperature difference and Nambusunhwan-doro(Metasequoia Glyptostroboides) with the highest light transmittance showed the lowest temperature difference. It is analyzed that there are most differences in temperature when the amount of lights coming in between the crown is small. The temperature reduction effect can be obtained by planting deciduous broad-leaved trees. Also species with dense crown and broad width of crown will be able to maximize the effect of temperature reduction. In future studies, it will be necessary to expand the other species of trees in the street, and analyze the germicidal trees and shrubs as well as the differences in the packaging materials.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.5_2
• /
• pp.206-213
• /
• 2010

This paper looks into how to preserve Gyeongju's natural environment and to restore its historic landscaping works, one of the greate factor that compose ancient city as a way of wisely preserving Gyeongju, one of the oldest cities of Korea. Gyeongju, a city based in its natural environment, is formated inside of a basin of mountains and streams. Mountains and streams are the major two factors when on thinks of preserving the ancient city of Gyeongju. Four mountains surrounding the city play a direct role in marking coordinates of major city landmarks, while streams influence the structure and formation of the city in a great deal. More precisely, mountains should be able to be seen from the center of the city and streams should be restored in a way that they can serve as scenic identities of their time. Efforts should also be put into restoring such elements as ancient gardens, royal forests and water ways. The research team believes that such efforts themselves will be a great methods in reclaiming historic values and significance of places of Gyeongju. Restoring an ancient city is not limited merely restoring a city in an artificial concept, it reaches to preserving natural environment as a backdrop of the city and traces of landscaping works. When it comes to restoring an ancient city, one must understand that preserving natural environment and historic landscaping works are as valuable as restoring city structure or constructional elements. We believe that defining subjects of ancient city restoration must be more precise, clear and detail down the road.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.169-176
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for developing the practical park management. For this, satisfaction degree, satisfaction factors and estimated model by satisfaction variables of visitors analyzed through a questionnaire survey in Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. In the evaluation of the satisfaction, variables of 'careless cooking'. 'collection of natural plants & animals', 'Noise and urination on the road' and 'Littering problem' at Naesosa and 'crowding', 'touting', 'Indiscreet use' and 'Illegal merchant' at Gyeokpo was most unsatisfied than any other variables. Satisfaction factors by Factor Analysis were loaded with 'user management' at Naesosa(65.1%) and 'business behavior management at Gyeokpo(68.4%) by the highest contribution degree. In estimated model of satisfaction by Multiple Regression Analysis showed in order of 'Injury of landscape resource', 'Lack of information facility', 'crowding' and 'Lack of employee's guidance or kindness' at Naesosa and 'Injury of landscape resource', 'Lack of information facility', 'Illegal merchant', Lack of facility to stay' and 'Lack of employee's guidance or kindness' at Gyeokpo. So, Mountain and marine National Parks needed different management policy and are required to institutional apparatus for user education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the fragmented points of mountain ranges in Daegu metropolitan city using New Sangyeongpyo (Chart of Mountain Ranges), road system map and GIS spatial analysis, and to prioritize the identified fragmented points for restoration based on quantitative assessment. Moreover, this study proposes restoration plans reflecting the assessment results and characteristics of each fragmented point. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First of all, analysis of the distribution of mountain ranges in Daegu metropolitan city showed that jimaek and semaek in Daegu account for 2% of all mountain ranges in the country, implying that the mountain ranges of Daegu do not hold significant ranking on a national level. However, it was found that numerous fragmented points are appearing due to roads. According to the analysis, 35 fragmented points were identified, of which 15 were found to be restorable. In terms of restoration potential and involved risks, assessment results of the 15 fragmented points indicated that 6 points are at Grade I, 3 points are at Grade II and 6 points are at Grade III. Therefore, a methodology of restoring fragmented mountain ranges was proposed through three suggestions of restoration plans that consider the characteristics of each fragmented points. The results of this study are expected to be highly useful as basic data for effective restoration of mountain ranges in connection with mountain range restorations and relevant projects implemented on a national level in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.23-34
• /
• 2004

In this study, 1 dependent variable and 9 independent variables were established to examine suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks in consideration of night users' psychological reactions and activity types. Such fixed variables were evaluated by a series of experiments of changing illuminance, and correlation among those variables was verified by correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis to suggest suitable illuminance by spaces. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The independent variables influencing suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks were directly influenced rather by the psychological reaction of night users than the activity types by spatial functions. 2) Securing suitable illuminance by spaces commonly increased spatial availability, created certain atmosphere, and provided safety in the psychological reaction of night users. 3) Suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks is: Central square is 31.88lx, resting space 6.30lx, exercising space 33.14lx, children's playground 14.19lx, pedestrian road 12.29lx, entry space 16.30lx, and green space 7.03lx. That is, when a place had more positive activities, spatial illuminance was increased. 4) Though comparison by spaces with the illuminance standard for urban parks as mentioned in KS A 3011-1993 can not be made, such illuminance was relatively compatible with the permissible range of illuminance in the author's opinion. It is expected that this study investigating suitable illuminance by spaces for night use in urban parks, will provide necessary knowledge for securing suitable illuminance by spaces in urban parks through classifyingin detail the illuminance standard of KS A 3011-1993. Besides, by helping make us aware of the importance of illuminance in urban parks as well as of external space in the night, this study will contribute to academic research and development in the field of landscape architecture and associated fields and be utilized in establishing legal and institutional standards.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.381-395
• /
• 2011

Present work aims to establish an integrated management system of environmental data base for nine typical wind holes or air holes in Korea. It basically deals with definition, geographical distribution, morphological pattern, physical characteristics and anthropogenic environments of wind hole to propose systematic preservation strategy of their periglacial landscape and flora, which are known to be sensitive to global warming. Wind hole, in which cool air blows out during the summer, but mild air comes out during the winter from a cave or hole, is frequently found on northwest- and north-facing slopes on the terminal point of steep talus, block field, and block stream, and can be categorized into three types, i.e., talus, cave and sink types. Environmental characteristics of nine wind holes are analyzed on the basis of their geology, landform, climate, soil, hydrology, vegetation, road, footpath, land-use, and management system, and relevant DB are prepared. Wind hole areas with unique landscape and ecological values need to be designated as a nature reserve, and zoning of core, buffer, and transitional zones are required for the multi-dimensional preservation of periglacial landscape and ecosystem. Phytogeographical values of glacial relict plants, including mountain cranberry(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) at its global southernmost limit at Bangnaeri wind hole, Hongchon County, Gangwon Province of Korea are discussed in detail as a floristic refugia in connection with climate change during the Pleistocene Epoch and potential in-situ and ex-situ preservation sites in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.72-84
• /
• 2008

Since enactment of the Baekdu-Mountain Range protection law in Dec. 31st 2003, great interest arose in recovery of the natural environment in the Baekdu-Mountain Range. Since the Baekdu-Mountain Range has formed boundaries between different regions and it is the mountain that crosses our country from East to West, there are so many roads that penetrate this area. Slopes made by the construction of roads have poor foundation for the growth of vegetation and it takes a long period to restore only with natural restoration force. For this reason, various methods of revegetation to restore the damages are implemented but until now, revegetation of domestic soil cutting slopes are mainly covered by foreign import grasses to stabilize and cover grounds early. As we depended upon foreign import grasses for slopes revegetation, the landscape did not match in harmony with surrounding vegetation and therefore, we could see that these foreign grasses are withered in 2~3 years after the revegetation works and slopes become barren again. However, currently, there are no applicable standards for designs of green hill, desirable revegetation methods for the hill areas, roads and recovery models. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the status of revegetation plants and revegetation methods for the hill areas of the Baekdu-Mountain Range (azimuth, degree of tilt, and tilted places). Based on this, we attempted to find the desirable recovery models for the hill areas of the Baekdu-Mountain Range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2018

Mapping radiation heat flux of urban area is essential for urban design and landscape planning. Because controlling urban geometry and generating green space are important urban design strategies for reducing urban heat, urban planner and designer need to recognize the micro urban heat distribution for adequate urban planning. This study suggests a new methodology for mapping urban radiation heat flux in a micro scale considering buildings and trees' shade. For doing that, firstly, we calculate net radiation for each urban surfaces (building, road (not shaded, building shaded, tree shaded), ground (not shaded, building shaded, tree shaded), tree (not shaded, building shaded)). Then, by multiplying the area ratio of surfaces to the net radiation, we can obtain the radiation heat flux in micro-scale. The estimated net radiation results were found to be robust with a $R^2$ of 90%, which indicates a strong explanatory power of the model. The radiation heat flux map for 12h $17^{th}$ August explains that areas under the building and tree have lower net radiation heat flux, indicating that shading is a good strategy for reducing incident radiation. This method can be used for developing thermal friendly urban plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.148-158
• /
• 2011

This study examines visitors' image and behavior characteristics of Wolseong palace in Gyeongju. This area has been a royal palace during Silla periods. So many scholars dedicate to the protection of this historical-cultural heritage. The research process consists of two main steps, such as on-site field investigation and survey research. The data were collected in summer and autumn. Collected data is classified into three groups to describe visitors' behavior, time, space, and then processed by statistical methods. The results are as follows: First, there is a shortage of programs and facilities. The result shows most visitors consider Wolseong palace as a pathway for walking. Hence better functions should be developed to attract more visitors but with least effect to historical remains. The founding is that increasing programs for history exploration, enhancing lighting installation, facilities, plant arrangement, road condition and so forth would be suggested.