• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2015

To produce well-qualified medical doctors, clinical training is a crucial part of medical education. To this end, teaching hospitals should be carefully selected and professionally managed. However, in Korea, there are no regulations or standards for training hospitals. Instead, some of the regulations that target teaching interns and residents are applied to teaching hospitals. In this study, we reviewed standards and regulations for training hospitals in other countries as a basis for proposing new standards for teaching hospitals in Korea. These new standards take into account the current environment of Korean medicine with the aim of designing appropriate educational programs for students and professional development systems for professors as well as providing educational resources and addressing the local community and international exchange opportunities.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.217-234
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• 2017

Indoor air pollutants can cause severe health problems, specifically in terms of toxicological impacts on human. Every day, a complex mixture of many air pollutants is emitted from various sources and subject to atmospheric processes that can create varied classes of pollutants such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and hydrocarbons. To adhere to indoor air quality standards, a number of techniques such as photocatalytic oxidation of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been employed. Among these techniques, titania ($TiO_2$) based photocatalytic reactions have proven to be the best benchmark standard approach in the field of environmental applications. Over the last 45 years, $TiO_2$-based photocatalytic reactions have been explored for the degradation of various pollutants. This review discusses the indoor air quality profile, types of indoor pollutants, available indoor air cleaning approaches, and performance of $TiO_2$-based catalysts. Finally, we have presented the perspectives on the progress of $TiO_2$ induced photocatalysis for the purification of indoor air.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.80-86
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• 2018

The Epidural blood patch is considered the gold standard for managing postdural puncture headache when supportive measures fail. However, it is a procedure which can lead to another inadvertent dural puncture. Other potential adverse events that could occur during a blood patch are meningitis, neurological deficits, and unconsciousness. The bilateral greater occipital nerve block has been used for treating chronic headaches in patients with PDPH with a single injection. This minimally invasive, simple procedure can be considered for patients early, along with other supportive treatment, and an epidural blood patch can be avoided.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.363-397
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• 2018

We study the impact of loss-aversion and the threat of critical damages from insufficient pollutant abatement, which we jointly call threshold concerns, on the outcome of international environmental agreements. We aim to understand whether concerns for a critical level of damages induce cooperation among countries faced with the well-known free-riding problem, and yield sufficient emission reductions to avoid exceeding the threshold. Specifically, we focus on loss-averse countries negotiating under the threat of either high or low environmental damages. Under symmetry, when countries display identical degrees of threshold concern, we show that such beliefs have a positive effect on reducing the emission levels of both signatories to the treaty and non-signatories, leading to weakly larger coalitions of signatories than in the absence of reference dependence. We then introduce asymmetry, by allowing countries to differ in the degree of concern about the damages. We show that stable coalitions are mostly formed by the countries with higher threshold concerns. When enough countries exhibit standard preferences, the coalition size may diminish, regardless of the degree of concern by the others.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2010

The measurement of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in screening for prostate cancer is recently performed as a routine check-up in clinical medicine and insurance medicine. Several factors may affect serum PSA levels. As prostate size increases with increasing age, the PSA concentration also rises. Increasing body mass index (BMI) is associated with a lower mean PSA concentration. Inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase such as finasteride and dutasteride produce a 50 percent or greater decrease in serum PSA during the first three months of therapy, which persists as long as the drug is continued. Men who are regularly taking non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen have lower PSA levels. Emerging concepts regarding PSA testing that may help refine the interpretation of an elevated concentration include: PSA density, PSA velocity, and Free versus complexed or bound PSA. With many insurance companies, PSA level has become part of a standard battery of blood tests, along with HIV, cholesterol, liver enzymes, and other predictors of premature death. But, there is no clear proof of benefit, so we have to monitor the value of PSA test as a prostate cancer screening test in insurance medicine.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.95-103
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• 2012

Objective : There are several terms on palpation such as cunkou(寸口), qikou(氣口), maikou(脈口). In traditional medicine dictionary or even WHO international standard terminologies on traditional medicine in the western pacific region, there are no discriminations about them. However, there are some differences in usages of cunkou, qikou, maikou at Maijing. Method : First, we searched usages of term, cunkou, qikou, maikou in Huangdineijing(黃帝內經) and Maijing and compared the meanings. Result : Meanings of cunkou, qikou, maikou in Huangdineijing are pair with renying(人迎) and inch-bar-cubit on wrist. Meanings of cunkou in Maijing are pair with renying, inch-bar-cubit on wrist and only inch on wrist. Meanings of qikou, maikou in Maijing are inch-bar-cubit on wrist. Conclusion : Cunkou, qikou, maikou are known as same terms. However, scholars have to be cautious when they use cunkou, qikou, maikou term and comprehend those in book.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.465-491
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• 2002

Korea is one of the countries which have a remarkable record of high and sustained economic growth. However, as the national economy has continued to grow and the industrial structure has become increasingly advanced, the amount of wastes being generated has been rapidly on the rise. recycling wastes to cope with the environmental problems caused by wastes has become an increasingly important policy issue in developing countries such as Korea, as well as in developed countries. This situation demands that researchers provide policy-makers with available and responsible information regarding the effect of the recycling industry in the public sector. This study employs input-output (I-O) analysis to examine the effect of public sector recycling industry in the national economy, using a specific application to Korea. The paper, therefore, has two major goals. The first is the development of a static I-O framework for looking into the effect of public sector recycling industry in the short run. The second goal is obtaining at least a preliminary indication of the effect of the recycling industry- in public sector. Moreover, we discuss the role of a public firm that established with an objective of promoting and facilitating the reutilization of recyclable wastes. The overall results indicate that the recycling utilities may have a significant influence on the standard of living and industrial production.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.855-872
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• 2007

This study suggests an imported coal procurement model that simultaneously considers the risk factors of coal price, ocean freight rate and foreign exchange rate. In addition, it quantitatively analyses the superiority of this model compared to the previous one m terms of procurement cost saving and stabilization. According to the empirical results, a separate hedging could stabilize the procurement cost flow, but this is not the end of story. That is, a complex hedging would reduce the standard deviations of cost flow. Thus, one could improve hedging effects by fully considering the inherent variance-covariance relationship among coal price, ocean freight rate and foreign exchange.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.241-261
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• 2011

URDG 758 tracks UCP 600 in format and style. This makes it easy for practitioners to understand various terms with a lot more clarity than in URDG 458, since practitioners see things in a format and style they are accustomed to. It is a fact that the provisions of the national law will prevail over the URDG 758. In many countries there is only limited written law concerning abstract guarantees; therefore any conflict between URDG 758 and the national law will be unlikely. In many instances the instructing party is different from the applicant - the party whose obligation is supported by the guarantee. And provision for amendment is a new addition in URDG 758. Inspiration was taken from UCP 600 with some fine tuning: accpet, reject or do nothing - and the implications of each of these. Chief among the innovations in the URDG 758 is the one banning non-documentary conditions. The consensus is that the new URDG 758 is a major improvement on URDG 458 in both comprehensiveness of scope and contents of rules. The URDG 758 is likely to become the international standard in the field of demand guarantees.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.51
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• pp.263-283
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• 2011

There are two typical international rules in issuing guarantee for obligations of party which is responsible to provide some duties such as services, construction, plants, loan repayment, etc. The two internationally recognized rules are currently ISP98 and URDG758. ISP98 was firstly introduced in 1998 for American banks to issue standby letter of credit domestic and overseas for the area where UCP does not cover. URDG was introduced first in 1991 in the name of URDG458 but it has not been widely used and therefore new URDG named URDG758 came out in 2010 to accommodate more standard guarantee practice. At the face of these two prevailing international rules, the users are sometimes confused which rule would be more suitable for their individual transaction. This led us to conduct a comparative analysis on these two rules. Our study suggests that URDG758 is more adequate for construction, ship-building and plants-supply obligations whilst ISP98 is for financial obligations. Also attentions are required when issues such as counter guarantee, governing rule, presentation period, document examination period and default statement exist. This is because ISP98 and URDG758 have different view points.