• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2007

This paper is to discuss analytical techniques to estimate demand sizes and volumes that determine optimal locations for multiple facilities for a given services. While demand size estimation is a core part of location modeling to enhance solution quality and practical applicability, the estimation method has been used in limited and restrict parts such as a single population centroid in a given larger census boundary area or small theoretical application experiments(e.s. census track and enumeration district). Therefore, this paper strives to develop an analytical estimation method of demand size that converts area based demand data to point based population weighted centroids. This method is free to spatial boundary units and more robust to estimate accurate demand volumes regardless of geographic boundaries. To improve the estimation accuracy, this paper uses house weighted value to the population centroid calculation process. Then the population weighted centroids are converted to individual demand points on a grid formated surface area. In turn, the population weighted centroids, demand points and network distance measures are operated into location-allocation models to examine their roles to enhance solution quality and applicability of GIS location models. Finally, this paper demonstrates the robustness of the weighted estimation method with the application of location-allocation models.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2009

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most promising next generation nanoelectronic devices which will inherit the throne of CMOS which is the domineering implementation technology for large scale low power digital systems. In late 1990s, the basic operations of the QCA cell were already demonstrated on a hardware implementation. Also, design tools and simulators were developed. Nevertheless, its design technology is not quite ready for ultra large scale designs. This paper proposes a new approach which enables the QCA designs to inherit the verification methodologies and tools of CMOS designs, as well. First, a set of disciplinary rules strictly restrict the cell arrangement not to deviate from the predefined structures but to guarantee the deterministic digital behaviors is proposed. After the gate and interconnect structures of. the QCA design are identified, the signal integrity requirements including the input path balancing of majority gates, and the prevention of the noise amplification are checked. And then the digital logic is extracted and stored in the OpenAccess common engineering database which provides a connection to a large pool of CMOS design verification tools. Towards validating the proposed approach, we designed a 2-bit adder, a bit-serial adder, and an ALU bit-slice. For each design, the digital logic is extracted, translated into the Verilog net list, and then simulated using a commercial software.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.197-208
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• 2007

Enormously sized buildings are appearing world-wide with the advancement of construction techniques. Large-scaled and complicated structures will have increased difficulties for dealing with safety, and will demand well-matched safety measures. This research introduced up-to-date techniques and systems which are applied in buildings in foreign nations. Furthermore, it proposed s direct guidance plan for buildings in case of fire. Since it is possible to install wireless sensor networks which detect fires or effects of fire, the plan makes use of this information. Accordingly, the authors completed a direct guidance plan that was based on omnidirectional guidance lights. It is possible to select a route with concern about both time and capacity with a concept of a non-dominated path. Finally, case studies showed that quickest path algorithms were effective for guiding efficient dispersion routes and in case of restriction of certain links in preferred paths due to temperature and smoke, it was possible to avoid relevant links and to restrict demand in the network application. Consequently, the algorithms were able to maximize safety and minimize evacuation time, which were the purposes of this study.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 2002

Most of the problems in dealing with the tunnel construction are the uncertainties and complexities of the stress conditions and rock strengths in ahead of the tunnel excavation. The limitations on the investigation technology, inaccessibility of borehole test in mountain area and public hatred also restrict our knowledge on the geologic conditions on the mountainous tunneling area. Nevertheless an extensive and superior geophysical exploration data is possibly acquired deep within the mountain area, with up to the tunnel locations in the case of alternative design or turn-key base projects. An appealing claim in the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) is that they give a more trustworthy results on our data based on identifying relevant input variables such as a little geotechnical information and biological learning principles. In this study, error back-propagation algorithm that is one of the teaching techniques of ANN is applied to presupposition on Rock Mass Ratings (RMR) for unknown tunnel area. In order to verify the applicability of this model, a 4km railway tunnel's field data are verified and used as input parameters for the prediction of RMR, with the learned pattern by error back propagation logics. ANN is one of basic methods in solving the geotechnical uncertainties and helpful in solving the problems with data consistency, but needs some modification on the technical problems and we hope our study to be developed in the future design work.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 2002

IC package marking inspection system using machine vision locates and identifies the target elements from input image, and decides the quality of marking by comparing the extracted target elements with the standard patterns. This paper proposes an adaptive multi-level thresholding (AMLT) method which is suitable for a series of operations such as locating the target IC package, extracting the characters, and detecting the Pinl dimple. It also proposes a dynamic matching unit selection (DMUS) method which is robust to noises as well as effective to catch out the local marking errors. The main idea of the AMLT method is to restrict the inputs of Otsu's thresholding algorithm within a specified area and a partial range of gray values. Doing so, it can adapt to the specific domain. The DMUS method dynamically selects the matching unit according to the result of character extraction and layout analysis. Therefore, in spite of the various erroneous situation occurred in the process of character extraction and layout analysis, it can select minimal matching unit in any environment. In an experiment with 280 IC package images of eight types, the correct extracting rate of IC package and Pinl dimple was 100% and the correct decision rate of marking quality was 98.8%. This result shows that the proposed methods are effective to IC package marking inspection.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.187-199
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• 2009

With the advent of Web 2.0, OpenAPIs are becoming an increasing trend to emphasize Web as platform recently. OpenAPIs are used to combine services and generate new services by mashup. However because the standard documents for OpenAPIs do not exist, it may restrict the use of OpenAPIs. Previous studies of OpenAPIs mashup have been limited to tool design or language definition for service combination rather than dynamic composition. On the other hand, Web services that are a software technology implementing SOA provide standard documents such as WSDL to explain each service, UDDI to register it, and SOAP to transfer messages. Thus Web applications can interpret and execute services by using these technologies. Recent works have also been performed to provide semantic features and dynamic composition for SOA. If a dynamic and systematic approach is provided to combine Web services and OpenAPIs, Web applications can provide users with diverse services. In this study, we present a SOA based framework for mashup of OpenAPIs and Web services. The framework supports dynamic composition of OpenAPIs and Web services, where the process of composite services is described in OWL-S. A prototype is provided to validate our framework. The framework is expected to add diversity to typical Web services.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1507-1512
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• 2008

In spite of long research period for Salmonella typhi, little information is known about the pathogenesis mechanism of human typhoid fever caused by S. typhi due to lack of infection model in animals. A wild-type of S. typhi Ty2 strain requires cysteine to grow on minimal media. We hypothesized that this cysteine requirement may restrict colonization of S. typhi in animals during infection process. Among the S. typhi strains carrying Salmonella typhimurium genomic library, we have isolated three S. typhi transformants growing on minimal media without cysteine. Although there were three ORFs in DNA of pBP71, the STM1490 ORF complemented cysteine auxotrophy of S. typhi. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the STM1490 homolog in S. typhi revealed that there are differences in two amino acids. Plasmids containing amino acid substitutions in STM1490 supported S. typhi growth on minimal media without cysteine, indicating irrelevance of these two amino acids to STM1490 function. These results tells us that there are other factors or systems involved in cysteine requirement of S. typhi.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2007

The instruction level parallelism, which has been used to improve the performance of processors, expose its limit. The change of a control flow by a branch miss prediction is one of the obstacles that restrict the instruction level parallelism. The single chip multiprocessors have been developed to utilize the thread level parallelism. However, we could not use the maximum performance of the single chip multiprocessor in case of executing the coded programs without considering the multi-thread. In order to overcome the two performance degradation factors, in this paper, we suggest the concurrent branch execution method that applies to the multi-path execution method at a single chip multiprocessor. We executes all two flows of the conditional branch using the idle core processor. Through this, we can improve the processor's efficiency with blocking the control flow termination by the branch instruction and reducing the idle time. We analyze the effects of concurrent branch execution proposed in this paper through the simulation. As a result of that, concurrent branch execution reduces about 20% of idle time and improves the maximum 10% of the branch prediction accuracy. We show that our scheme improves the overall performance of maximum 39% compared to the normal single chip multiprocessor and maximum 27% compared to the superscalar processor.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.231-240
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• 2003

The problem of power consumption and the limitation of a chip area should be considered when the pixel number of the edge detection circuit increases to fabricate a vision chip for edge detection with high resolution. The numeric increment of the unit circuit causes power consumption to increase and require a larger chip area. An increment of power consumption and a limitation of chip area with several ten milli-meters square supplied by the CMOS foundry company restrict the pixel numbers of the edge detection circuit. In this paper, we proposed a electronic switch to minimize the power consumption owing to the numeric increment of the edge detection circuit to realize a vision chip for edge detection with high resolution. We also applied a method by which photodetector and edge detection circuit are separated to implement a vision chip with a higher resolution. The photodetector circuit with $128{\times}128$ pixels uses a common edge detection circuit with $1{\times}128$ pixels so that resolution was improved at the same chip area. The chip size is $4mm{\times}4mm$ and the power consumption was confirmed to be about 20mW using SPICE.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.5715-5719
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the world. The disease is caused by infectious and non-infectious, environmental and lifestyle factors. Tobacco smoke has been one of the most widely studied environmental factors wiith possible relevance to breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco smoking in breast cancer patients in a hospital based cohort and to establish prognostic implications if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 100 women with pathological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer was included in this study. The verbal questionnaire elicited information on current and previous history of exposure to smoking in addition to active smoking. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including stage at presentation, alcohol intake, hormonal replacement therapy, oral contraceptive intake, obesity and menopausal status. Results: The mean age at presentation of breast cancer was $51.4{\pm}10.86$ years. Mean age of presentation was $53.1{\pm}11.5$ and $45.7{\pm}11.9$ years in never smokers and passive smokers, respectively. Age at presentation varied widely in patients exposed to tobacco smoke for >10 years in childhood from $40.3{\pm}12.0$ years to $47.7{\pm}13.9$ in patients exposed for > 20years as adults. Among passive smokers, 60.9% were premenopausal and 39.1% of patients were postmenopausal. In never smokers, 71.4% were post menopausal. Expression of receptors in non-smokers vs passive smokers was comparable with no significant differences. Metastatic potential in lung parenchyma was slightlyelevated in passive smokers as compared to never smokers although statistically non-significant. Conclusions: An inverse relationship exists between the intensity and duration of smoking and the age at presentation and poor prognostic factors. The results strongly suggest efforts should be taken to prevent smoking, encourage quitting and restrict exposure to second hand smoke in India.