• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.4-19
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• 2009

Though admitting that, in light of the recent archaeological trend, the excavation on relics of Sam-gama (a sort of kiln steaming the hemp) is increasingly reported, little efforts by far have been made not only to restore its traditional structure design but also to research hardly the change of hemp-steaming technologies in ages. In this regard, this paper shows the exploration of structural method and design as well as operability with regard to Sam-gut, traditional hemp-processing equipment that was recently reconstructed in Jungsun, Kangwon Province. Samgut, generally positioned at the waterside area, is an traditional device for steaming hemp to get bast fibers from the raw material of hemp, principally consisting of HWA-JIP(fire-place) to obtain steams by feeding fire ad Mong-got(boiling chamber) to make the hemp steamed after stacking. More specifically, thick round-logs were piled at the bottom of Hwajip prior to stacking stones around its circumferential area. When the timber positioned below gets burned with high temperature to heat stones existing in the upper side, waters then poured onto it after laying a bundle of grass and soil up to the boiled stones. If so, there generates hot vapor, which is conveyed to Monggot to steam the hemp. Functionally, it is of outstanding importance that Samgut is capable of producing high-temperature water vapors instantaneously under the intensive manpower, thus being constructed achievable for those purposes. The Samgut made by digging the ground is an instant facility that is closed after use. The remains, which were used to generate higher thermal power for steaming hemp, make it hard to excavate the historic traits because there left little vestiges in the soil, which means keen attention must be paid to find out the trace of Smgama relics. Future research stall be focused on collection of broader data regarding Samgut including technological review in extracting bas fibers from the hemp.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.150-165
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate the original position, the writer of signboard handwriting and the period of Wibongmun and Joyangru in order to restore Wibongmun and Joyangru which have been designated as tangible cultural properties (有形文化財). They also have to be moved in the Gangwon Provincial Office. Wibongmun and Joyangru were established as government offices in chuncheon(春川官衙) and they were used as attached buildings in Chunceon (春川離宮) in 1890. Wibongmun was moved to Gangwon Provincial Office 5 times and Joyangru was moved twice. In order to move them back to the original place, by using the topographic map made by the Japanese Government-General in Korea, we find out Joyangru was located in the exit of Gangwon Provincial Office and greenhouse and we also figure out Wibongmun was located in the garden. While we study historical evidence on handwriting, we also find out the handwriting of Joyangmun was written by Songhaong (松下翁) Jo, Yun-Hyeong (曺允亨). Especially, Joyangru had played a role as a government office and it may be called 'Joyangru' after reconstructing 'Joyangmun' when attached buildings were established. Through this study, we found that the first period and reason of establishing Wibongmun and Joyangru was at least before 1788. Through this study, we can find the period of both and its historic meaning more clearly.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2019

As the number of students in the multicultural background grows, the interest in their education is also increasing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of forest healing factors on the improvement of language ability and ego-resilience of students from multicultural families. We conducted an after-school forest healing program of ten male and ten female middle school students of a multicultural preparatory school located in ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$-dong in Cheongju, Chungnam Province. The experiment consisted of a total of 12 weekly one-hour (60 minutes) programs from April 12, 2018 to June 26, 2018. The forest healing program is an activity that uses the various environmental factors that exist in the forest to increase the immunity of the human body and restore physical and mental health. To determine the difference in ego-resilience before and after the program, we conducted a paired t-test and analyzed with the SPSS 18.0 program. The results showed that the ego-resilience significantly improved in all sub-factors including the positive thinking ability, problem-solving ability, intimacy ability, emotional adjustment ability, and autonomic behavior ability (p<.001). The descriptive statistics of the language ability showed the improvement in writing errors, pronunciation errors, sentence errors, tense errors, and errors in research and connection. We expect the results of this study can be used as the basic data to improve ego-resilience and language acquisition ability of middle-entry children and students from multicultural families.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.114-125
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• 2016

Lacquer is one of the most widely used natural resin in East Asia since Neolithic Age. As a major ingredient of lacquerware, lacquer is waterproof, insect-proof and rot-proof to be durable and anti-abrasion, generally utilized for mainly painting purpose. According to lacquerware excavated from several sites of Japan and China, lacquerware seems to appear in Neolithic Age. On the other hand in case of excavation research in Korea, lacquerwares are found after the Bronze Age. The initial purpose of lacquer is estimated to be adhesive, regarding the literatures mentioning bitumen(Yeoksceong ), animal glue(Kyeo) and egg alumen(Nanbaek). Especially piece of jar coffin unearthed in Pyeongtaek Daechu-ri site had trace of restoration by lacquer and hemp as an evidence of lacquer for adhesion in Pre-Three Kingdoms period. Since then a trend to restore the broken ceramics with lacquer and decorate with golden foil lasted especially in Joseon Dynasty. In the field of gold plated lacquer method, mother-of-pearl inlaying technique for lacquerware and restoration of buildings, lacquer is still used as adhesive. Due to matter of reversibility lacquer is being avoided for conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. Lacquer as a traditional material for adhesive since ancient times, however, has advantage in adhesion strength and durability. Because synthetic resin adhesive has problem of emission of volatile organic compounds and aging over time, lacquer receives attention recently. On the contrary, by combination adhesive from mixing lacquer and animal glue, already proved the possibility of applicability and chemical modification. A research to utilize lacquer as modern paint or functional material is also conducted continuously also in China and Japan. To put traditional material into practical use and modernize, chemical research from the molecular level of the lacquer is necessary in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.64-81
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• 2017

Among the royal ceremonies of the Joseon Dynasty era, the articles used in the Jinjak ceremony are symbolic icons of their value during the era. It is very important to identify the purpose of the articles whose usage is ambiguous, by referring to various historical records. Moreover, it should be possible to classify the characteristics and the special context of the article during this process. To accomplish this purpose, I examined the articles related to and used in the processes of Jinjak ceremonies of Outer Jinchan of Myeongjeongjeon and Inner Jinchan of Jagyeongjeon, which are part of the Gichuk Jinchan Ceremony performed in February of the 29th year of King Sunjo. Especially, the definition of Jinjak will not just be limited to the action of offering liquor, but will include the whole series of procedures in offering the liquor. This is because the specific action of offering the liquor expresses cultural concepts and values that have meaning within the historical situation and context in the specific action of offering the liquor. There are three characteristics of the articles related to the Jinjak process of Outer Jinchan and Inner Jinchan of Gichuk Jinchan Ceremony. First, the articles of Jinjak are ranked strictly exactly according to the social status rankings. Second, the Jinjak articles are arranged for their symbolic meanings rather than their purpose. Third, the articles of Jinjak are symbolic icons expressing the values inherent in the process of offering liquor. Recently, there are events reviving the royal court banquet and the increase of interest in the royal culture. It such a situation, the systematic examination of articles of royal court banquets will be a process needed to restore the royal ceremony correctly in the future, and will be the foundation for studying the royal culture of the Joseon dynasty era.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.234-253
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• 2018

Within the Gyeongju Basin lies the central an ancient tombs (Wolseongbuk tombs), which are seen to be the core tombs of the Silla ruling class. An accurate understanding of the location of the ancient tombs, commonly known as a flatland area, provides a clue to understanding the contrast process and direction of the ancient tombs. This in turn requires an accurate understanding of the surrounding landscape, including where the ancient tombs are located. In other words, it must be possible to restore as much of the highland area as possible within the basin in which the ancient tombs are located. All data were analyzed as deeply as possible in order to identify the topographical features of the ancient tombs. As a result, it appears that the ancient tombs are located at the end of a fan or at the end of the line, and a large number of springs and wetlands are distributed around the area. This area is relatively low and unsuitable for generating high levels of moisture on the ground. These topographical features are directly related with the distribution of polymers, and solids were completely formed to avoid wetlands. Meanwhile, the ancient tombs are divided into several zones by springs and wetlands, and each area also has the characteristics of large groups where the boundaries are protruding and isolated. Also, this aspect was found to be true for the Oreung around Namcheon. After all, the location and distribution of Silla in the Daerungwon area are the result of the reflection of the fine geographical features of the Gyeongju basin, which are the key factors of springwater and wetlands.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.51-64
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• 2019

Mt. Geumgang has been a scenic spot representing the Korean peninsula since the Joseon Dynasty, and became a symbol of inter-Korean exchanges with the Gaesong Industrial Complex after the division of the South and North. Mt. Geumgang Tour Course is divided into the Inner-Geumgang (Naegeumgang) and the Outer-Geumgang (Oegeumgang). It was common for the Mt. Geumgang tour route during the Joseon Dynasty and the Japanese Imperialization period to enter the Inner-Geumgang, near Seoul, and come to the East Sea through the Outer-Geumgang. However, the tour route starting from Goseong was utilized for the Mt. Geumgang tour course operated by Hyundai. Because North Korea opened only the Outer-Geumgang area. North Korea has only opened some of its tour courses to Hyundai, but if Geumgang tourism is resumed in the future, there is a high possibility that it will be opened further, such as opening some sections of the Inner-Geumgang in 2007. In this case, it is necessary to connect additional transportation networks to access Inner-Geumgang from South Korea. The best alternative was the restoration of the Mt. Geumgang Railway. However, considering the fact that the reconstruction of the Mt. Geumgang Railway can not be completed due to the construction of the Imnam Dam, it is the most realistic alternative to restore Route 31 connecting Yanggu and Geumgang-eup. As a result of the analysis of road connecting Inner-Geumgang, three routes were confirmed. All of which were adjacent to the existing National Route 31. These routes passing through Dutayeon and Mundeung-ri and joining the Route 31 from Inje. Considering road length, topography characteristics, and military facility layout, it seems that the connection of 'Dutaeyun - Mundeung - Geumgang' is a realistic alternative connecting from South Korea to Inner-Geumgang.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.96-105
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• 2019

Objective : The aims in the management of thoracolumbar spinal fractures are not only to restore vertebral column stability, but also to obtain acceptable alignment of the thoracolumbar junction (T-L junction) to prevent complications. However, insufficient surgical correction of the thoracolumbar spine would be likely to cause late progression of abnormal kyphosis. Therefore, we identified the surgical factors that affected unfavorable radiologic outcomes of the thoracolumbar spine after surgery. Methods : This study was conducted in a single institution from January 2007 to December 2013. A total of 98 patients with unstable thoracolumbar spine fracture were included. In these patients, fixation was done through transpedicular screws with rods by three surgical patterns. We reviewed digital radiographs and analyzed the images preoperatively and postoperatively during follow-up visits to compare the change of the thoracolumbar Cobb angle with radiologic parameters and clinical outcomes. The unfavorable radiologic group was defined as the patients who were measured as having greater than 20 degrees of thoracolumbar Cobb angle on the last follow-up, or who underwent kyphotic progression of thoracolumbar Cobb angle greater than 10 degrees from the immediate postoperative state to final follow-up, or who had overt instrument failure with/without additional surgery. We assessed the risk factors that affected the unfavorable radiologic outcomes. Results : We had 43 patients with unfavorable radiologic outcomes, including 35 abnormal thoracolumbar alignments and 14 instrumental failures with/without additional surgery. The multivariate logistic regression test showed that immediate postoperative T-L junction Cobb angle less than 10.5 degrees was a statistically significant risk factor, as well as the presence of osteoporosis (p=0.017 and 0.049, respectively). Conclusion : Insufficient correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis was considered to be a major factor of an unfavorable radiological outcome. The spinal surgeon should consider that having a T-L junction Cobb angle larger than 10.5 degrees immediately after surgery could result in an unfavorable radiological outcome, which is related to a poor clinical outcome.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 2019

This study was conducted for the purpose of examining the Outstanding Universal Value, World Heritage Values, in Suzhou classical gardens and the operational method of the protection management of historic gardens, and the results of the study are as follows; The first, as a world heritage, Suzhou gardens proved OUV by showing the taste and lifestyle of the literati, the unique class of Chinese history, to the natural environment of the East Yangtze Delta region. In addition, it showed the exchange of international culture with unique Chinese garden techniques. Second, a authentic reconstruction of garden have original value because it exist records of the near past. The 20th-century archives described by the contemporary language and describing the heritage through images using such media as photography and drawing played a decisive role in restoring gardens. Third, the protection management of Suzhou gardens, which began in the 1950s, was carried out in detail, including the reconstruction of components such as buildings, the restoration of plant materials and horticulture technique, the creation of a list through the records of trees, the maintenance of props such as plaque, furniture, and the project to improve water quality and restore waterscape. The last, after the World Heritage inscribing, Garden's protection management was proceeded in two directions. One is that through the reorganization of the administrative management system and the enactment of laws related to Suzhou classical Gardens, the listing heritage is strictly protected and managed, and the other is that the historical gardens are used to establish urban masterplan and urban identity in Suzhou. The range of garden properties greatly expanded by distinguishing the principle of conservation from protection to rational use and the grade of protection, such as whole protection, maintenance protection and protection of historical sites.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.50-57
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• 2018

Based on research projects and maintenance plans that have been carried out to observe changes in the appearance of buildings in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju, this study analyzed the process of changes in roof materials since the 1970s and drew the following conclusions. First, as the proportion of houses used in the yanggi and yanggi in the 1970s appears similar to that of Wagawa, it is believed that the village landscape has changed due to the use of modern materials by modernization and urbanization. Second, the initial stage of readjustment was designated as a folk data protection zone in 1977 and important folk data designation in 1984. However, due to the lack of a budget for repair and indiscriminate repair, the effectiveness of the project did not seem to have been high. As a result, the trend of decreasing the initial price of the previous period and increasing the use of materials such as yanggi and slate were continuing. Third, in the 1990s, the Cultural Heritage Administration pushed for restoration to the traditional method through extensive renovation projects, making efforts to restore traditional materials, such as reduction of the yanggi and roof, removal of the Hamseok roof, and an increase in the price of grass. Fourth, in the 2000s and thereafter, various readjustment projects were completed in the previous period, with the ratio of Wagwa and Choga greatly increased and the number of houses on the roof of slate reduced by about half, and the level of maintenance of the village's retirement homes was readjusted after the World Heritage List in 2010.