A Changes of Traditional Landscape Architecture Materials in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju - Building Roof Materials in the Village Since the 1970s -

정비 사업을 통해 본 경주 양동마을 전통조경 재료의 변화양상 - 1970년대 이후 마을 내 건축물 지붕 소재를 중심으로 -

Abstract

Based on research projects and maintenance plans that have been carried out to observe changes in the appearance of buildings in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju, this study analyzed the process of changes in roof materials since the 1970s and drew the following conclusions. First, as the proportion of houses used in the yanggi and yanggi in the 1970s appears similar to that of Wagawa, it is believed that the village landscape has changed due to the use of modern materials by modernization and urbanization. Second, the initial stage of readjustment was designated as a folk data protection zone in 1977 and important folk data designation in 1984. However, due to the lack of a budget for repair and indiscriminate repair, the effectiveness of the project did not seem to have been high. As a result, the trend of decreasing the initial price of the previous period and increasing the use of materials such as yanggi and slate were continuing. Third, in the 1990s, the Cultural Heritage Administration pushed for restoration to the traditional method through extensive renovation projects, making efforts to restore traditional materials, such as reduction of the yanggi and roof, removal of the Hamseok roof, and an increase in the price of grass. Fourth, in the 2000s and thereafter, various readjustment projects were completed in the previous period, with the ratio of Wagwa and Choga greatly increased and the number of houses on the roof of slate reduced by about half, and the level of maintenance of the village's retirement homes was readjusted after the World Heritage List in 2010.

본 연구는 경주 양동마을을 대상으로 경주 양동마을 건축물의 외관 변화를 살펴보기 위해 그간 수행되었던 조사사업 및 정비계획을 토대로 1970년대 이후 지붕재료의 변화과정을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 1970년대 양기와를 사용한 가옥의 비중이 와가와 유사하게 나타나며, 슬레이트 지붕이나 슬라브집 등이 확인되는 것으로 보아 이미 근대화 도시화에 의한 근대적 재료의 사용으로 마을 경관이 변화한 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 1977년 민속자료 보호구역 지정, 1984년 중요민속자료 지정에 따른 초기단계 정비 사업이 진행되었으나 보수정비 예산 부족, 무분별한 보수 공사로 그 실효성은 높지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 그 결과, 이전시기 초가의 감소, 양기와 슬레이트 등의 재료 사용 증가 추세가 지속되고 있었다. 셋째, 1990년대에 들어서면서 문화재관리국에서는 대대적인 보수사업을 통해 전통방식으로의 회복을 추진하여 양기와 지붕의 감소, 함석 지붕의 제거, 초가의 증가 등 전통소재의 환원에 노력을 기울였다. 넷째, 2000년대 이후는 이전시기 다양한 정비 사업들이 완료되는 시기로 와가와 초가의 비율이 대폭 증가하고 슬레이트 지붕을 얹은 가옥이 절반 가량 감소하는 등 이전시기와 구별되는 특성을 지니며, 세계유산 등재(2010) 이후 마을의 퇴락가옥 보수정비, 경관 개선사업 등 유지관리 수준의 정비가 이루어졌다.

Figure 1. Distribution of Roof Materials in the 1970s

Figure 2. Western Roof Tile[1]

Figure 4. Distribution of Roof Materials in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju in the 1970s

Figure 5. Distribution of Roof Materials between 1980s and mid-1990s

Figure 6. Case of Rebuilding using Western Tile Roof[2]

Figure 8. 1967 Gwangajeong Pavilion Aerial Photograph (No Wall)

Figure 10. Distribution of Roof Materials in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju in the mid-1990s

Figure 11. Distribution of Roof Materials since mid-1990s

Figure 12. Trends in Budget for Improvement Project in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju

Figure 13. Slate Roof Use Cases[4]

Figure 15. Aerial photography before the extension of the existing House slate roof

Figure 17. Distribution of Roof Materials in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju, 2000s

Figure 18. Yangdong Church in the past[12]

Figure 20. Changes in Roof Materials after World Heritage Registration

Figure 21. The Distribution of Roof Materials in Yangdong Village, Gyeongju, in 2018

Figure 3. Slate Roof[1]

Figure 7. Case of Rebuilding using Slate Roof[2]

Figure 9. 1980s Gwangajeong Pavilion(Construct a wall)[10]

Figure 14. Cast of the Extension to Slate Roof in Existing House[6]

Figure 16. The Present State after the Expansion of the Slate Roof in Existing Houses

Figure 19. Status of Yangdong Church relocated to the Entrance of Village