• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2022

Norovirus (NV) is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis, with the potential to develop into a fatal disease in those who are immuno-compromised, and effective vaccines and treatments are still non-existent. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the previously identified NV replication inhibitor utilizing a vinyl-stilbene backbone, AC-1858. First, we confirmed the inhibition of the NV RNA replication by a structural analog of AC-1858, AC-2288 with its exclusive cytoplasmic sub-cellular localization. We further validated the induction of one specific host factor, the phosphorylated form of heat shock factor (HSF)-1, and its increased nuclear localization by AC-1858 treatment. Finally, we verified the positive and negative impact of the siRNA-mediated downregulation and lentivirus-mediated overexpression of HSF-1 on NV RNA replication. In conclusion, these data suggest the restrictive role of the host factor HSF-1 in overall viral RNA genome replication during the NV life cycle.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.10-17
• /
• 2008

In this paper, we propose an efficient data replication strategy based on Peer-to-Peer which improves the performance of Data Grid system. The key idea of this replication strategy is to add the Peer-to-Peer concept for reducing data transmission restriction caused by hierarchical topology. And, it makes the nodes can store data replica to set a critical section at the storage of client level nodes. Therefore, it is possible to transmit the data replica between client level nodes and from client level nodes to upper data replication server. It is more effective to transmit data replica between client level nodes than transmitting data replica 1mm data server or data replication server with respect to minimize the transmission time. This results in improving the performance of Data Grid system. Through simulation, we show that the proposed data replication strategy based on Peer-to-Peer improves the performance of entire Data Grid environment compared to previous strategies.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2008

Data grid shares distributed large data via wide-band network. Such grid environment consumes much time for large data transmission. Because it is implemented on internet as physical network. Many replication strategies were proposed for solving this problem, but they are not optimal in real Data grid environments. Because they were proposed that based on logical topology without consideration of real internet architecture. Grid data access time is largely influenced by internet architecture as physical network of Data grid. In this paper, we propose a new data replication strategy RSIA(Replication Strategy based on Internet Architecture) based on internet architecture. The RSIA places replicas considering structural hierarchy in each element of internet, and avoid the performance bottlenecks to reduce system performance degradation when a data transfer. Through simulation, we show that the proposed RSIA data replication strategy improves the performance of Data Grid environment compared with previous strategies.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 2005

All viruses have few genes relative to their hosts. Viruses, thus, utilize many host factors for efficient viral replication in host cell. Virus-host interactions are crucial determinations of host range, replication, and pathology. Host factors participate in most steps of positive-strand RNA virus infection, including entry, viral gene expression, virion assembly, and release. Recent data show that host factors play important roles in assembling the viral RNA replication complex, selecting and recruiting viral RNA replication templates, activating the viral complex for RNA synthesis, and the other steps. These virus-host interactions may contribute to the host specificity and/or pathology. Positive-strand RNA viruses encompass over two-thirds of all virus genera and include numerous pathogens. This review focuses on the importance of host factors involved in positive strand plant RNA virus genome replication.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.391-398
• /
• 2001

A robot system for clone replication and gridding, which is a preliminary state of the genome research, was developed and evaluated its performance. This gridding robot system consisted of 1) a gridding heat that replicated the clone, 2) a manipulator, as a part of body of robot, which transferred the gridding head along x-, y-, z-axis, 3) a well plate arranging board, 4) a sterilization unit, and 5) a control unit. Performance of the system was evaluated with 1) repeatability of the robot system, 2) clone replication efficiency, 3) time requirement of the replication, and 4) sterilization efficiency. The repeatability error of the robot system showed 0.219 mm and 0.094 mm in the direction of x- and y-axis, respectively. The success rate of the clone replication with the gridding head was 100% on the membrane filter. The time required for the replication was four minutes and fifty-five seconds from the four 96 well plates to a 384 well plate meanwhile the required time with well experienced hand labor was three minutes thirty-five seconds. The gridding operation of clone could not be done by hand labor and the required time with robot system for the gridding on the membrance filter with the control program 5$\times$5: 1 copy and 384 gridding pins was twenty minutes and twenty-five seconds. The efficiency of the sterilization was considered to be satisfactory since no growth of fungi was found around the area of replication in the membrane filter.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.90-97
• /
• 2000

There are various kinds of factors associated with the formation of dental plaque in oral cavity such as nutrient molecules and chemical agents. The factors influencing the formation of insoluble glucan by Streptococcus sobrinus and its replication were examined on orthodontic wires. The results were as follows: 1. Insoluble glucan was well produced in the media initially adjusted at pH 7.0 than pH 5.5 or pH 8.5 like bacterial replication. 2. The synthesis of insoluble glucan and bacterial replication were significantly increased in the media containing 2.5% yeast extract. The formation of insoluble glucan was inhibited by 10 folds in the media containing 20% of sucrose than 1.25%, but the replication of bacteria was increased by 20 folds. 3. Insoluble glucan was significantly formed at a concentration of 1.0mM of calcium chloride, 40mM of potassium chloride, 0.1mM of magnesium chloride, while the replication of bacteria was little influenced by them regardless their concentration. 4. The formation of insoluble glucan and bacterial replication were significant in the media containing 10mM of sodium bicarbonate, but both were completely inhibited at 100mM or above. The production of insoluble glucan and the bacterial replication were largely decreased at 10mM of Tris while insoluble glucan was formed in abundance at 100mM of Tris. 5. The synthesis of insoluble glucan and the bacterial replication were inhibited at 10mM or above of sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.307-314
• /
• 2009

Large area micro pattern replication has promising application potential in many areas. Rolling imprint process has been demonstrated as one of the most competitive processes for such micro pattern replication, because it has advantages in low cost, high throughput and high efficiency. In this paper, we developed a prototype of roll-to-flat(R2F) thermal imprint system for large area micro pattern replication process, which is one of the key processes in the fabrication of flexible displays. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of system and the parameters' effect on the process, such as flat mold temperature, loading pressure and rolling speed. 100mm $\times$ 100mm stainless steel flat mold and commercially available polycarbonate sheets were used for the tests. The experimental results showed that the developed R2F system is suitable for fabrication of various micro devices with micro pattern over large area.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.210-217
• /
• 2004

In this study, a new process, named as nano replication printing(nRP) process, is developed for printing any figure in the range of several micrometers by using voxel matrix scanning scheme. In this newly developed process, a femto-second laser is scanned on a photosensitive monomer resin in order to induce polymerization of the liquid resin according to a voxel matrix which is transformed from bitmap format file. After the polymerization, a droplet of ethanol is dropt to remove the unnecessary remaining liquid resin and then the polymerized figures with nano-scaled precision are only remaining on the glass plate. By the nRP process, any figure file of bitmap format could be reproduced as nano-scaled precision replication in the range of several micrometers. Also, nano/micro-scaled patterns for an extremely wide range of applications would become a technologically feasible reality. Some of figures with nano-scaled precision were printed in scaled replication as examples to prove the usefulness of this study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 1999

In this work, a 1.9-kb region of enterococcal plasmid p703/5 was isolated and the nucleotide sequence analysis of the region was performed. One major open reading frame (ORF) was identified encoding a polypeptide of 28 kDa. Database comparisons suggested that the protein showed some homology with other bacterial RepA proteins. Upstream of the ORF, a potential dnaA box, AT-rich region and 22-bp tandemly repeated sequences (DNA iterons), a feature typical for many replication ori sites, were recognized. Deletion analysis using Exonuclease III and several restriction enzymes indicated that the three elements and the gene product from the ORF were essential for replication and that the minimum unit of DNA required for replication resided on the 1.2-kb AvaII subfragment. Thus, this gene product was referred to as RepA.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.213-228
• /
• 2017

Plasmodesmata (PDs) are specialized intercellular channels that facilitate the exchange of various molecules, including sugars, ribonucleoprotein complexes, transcription factors, and mRNA. Their diameters, estimated to be 2.5 nm in the neck region, are too small to transfer viruses or viral genomes. Tobacco mosaic virus and Potexviruses are the most extensively studied viruses. In viruses, the movement protein (MP) is responsible for the PD gating that allows the intercellular movement of viral genomes. Various host factors interact with MP to regulate complicated mechanisms related to PD gating. Virus replication and assembly occur in viral replication complex (VRC) with membrane association, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum. VRC have a highly organized structure and are highly regulated by interactions among the various host factors, proteins encoded by the viral genome, and the viral genome. Virus trafficking requires host machineries, such as the cytoskeleton and the secretory systems. MP facilitates the virus replication and movement process. Despite the current level of understanding of virus movement, there are still many unknown and complex interactions between virus replication and virus movement. While numerous studies have been conducted to understand plant viruses with regards to cell-to-cell movement and replication, there are still many knowledge gaps. To study these interactions, adequate research tools must be used such as molecular, and biochemical techniques. Without such tools, virologists will not be able to gain an accurate or detailed understanding of the virus infection process.