• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.84-95
• /
• 2012

Background: In Korea, private health insurance has neglected to induce externality on national health insurance by moral hazard. Therefore, we conducted this study in order to explore the influence of private health insurance on unnecessary medical utilization among patients with cervical or lumbar sprain. Method: The study examined a population of 449 patients (admission, 384; out-patient; 85) diagnosed with simple cervical or lumbar sprain without neurological symptoms at 20 small hospitals or clinics in Gwangju and Jeollanam provinces from Jul. 1 to Aug. 31 2008. The data were collected using structured, self-administrated questionnaire which collected information such as whether or not the patient was admitted (as a dependent variable), whether or not they had private health insurance (as a independent variable), and covariates such as socio-demographic characteristics, the factors related to the sprain, and characteristics of the insurance provider. Results: From hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis, it was found that the admission rate of patient with private health insurance was higher than that those without it (Odds ratio=3.31, 95% Confidence interval; 1.14-9.58), meaning that private health insurance was an independent factor influencing the admission of patients with these conditions. Other determinants of admission were patient age and physician referral. Conclusions: This study is the first empirical study to explore the influence of private health insurance on inducing moral hazard in admission services, specifically among patients with cervical or lumbar sprain. Regulation of benefits provided by private health insurance may be necessary, as the effect of this moral hazard may mean existence of externality.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.19-34
• /
• 2015

Current study aimed to evaluate elementary school children's perception and eating attitude towards vegetables and analyze environmental factors influencing it. Survey was conducted among elementary school students and their parents in Gangwon district, 410 subjects each(Total 742, 391 students, 351 parents). The results are as follows. Both the children(64.3%) and the parents(84.9%) showed high concern over health. 46.6% of children and 52.4% of parents admitted unbalanced eating behavior, and commonly avoided foods were mostly vegetables such as mushroom, carrot, garlic, sweet pepper-green, welsh onion, kimchi, pumpkin, or beans. Unbalanced eating habit was significantly related to health consideration in choosing what to eat(p<0.01) and interest in health(p<0.05). 70.9% of children with unbalanced eating habit showed intention for correction, and those with high interest in health had stronger intention (p<0.01). Regarding children's perception of 20 kinds of vegetables frequently used in school lunch, swiss chard leaf beet, amaranthus magistratus, and curled mallow were rarely heard of or hardly eaten before. Korean chinese cabbage, radish(62.7%), cucumber(62.1%), perilla leaves(60.4%), lettuce(58.1%), and spinach(54.5%) were among the most frequently eaten. Survey result on children's preference for the vegetables shows lettuce, cucumber, Korean chinese cabbage, perilla leaves, spinach, and radish were highly preferred and stem of garlic, crown daisy, sweet pepper-green, pepper, and curled mallow were the least preferred. There was a significant positive correlation(p<0.01, p<0.001) between children's and their parent's preference for each vegetables, implying that children's preference towards vegetables is greatly influenced by their parent's choice. Children showed negative attitude towards vegetables with strong flavor and tended to avoid vegetables that they remember as not tasty. This suggest that strong flavor and negative prior experience is what determines children's attitude in vegetable consumption. Many children said they try to eat vegetables even if they haven't had it before, and this tendency was significantly correlated with the degree of interest in health(p<0.05) and the degree of consideration of health in choosing what to eat(p<0.001).

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.143-173
• /
• 2012

We investigated environmental problems related to clothing, and attempted their practical solutions using Future Problem Solving Program in order to cultivate the creative character in teenagers. We applied "teaching and learning plans" to seventy-seven the first graders of high school students in 2 classes in Gyeonggi-do, one hour per day for 3 weeks, from August 23 to September 8 2011. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS for Windows software(version 17.0). Mean differences in results between pretest and posttest were evaluated using Student's t-test. We selected 'production of fabrics, production of clothing, disposal and recycling of clothing and washing of clothing' as the learning theme in educational content factors of 'clothing culture in consideration of environment'. And we developed thirteenth teaching and learning plans and educational materials including 4 problems, 2 worksheets, 10 team worksheets, 7 video materials and 7 Power Point materials using Future Problem Solving Program(FPSP). The measurements of fluency, flexibility, originality and problem-solving ability are significantly improved. The level of creativity in the items of fluency, flexibility and originality, in particular, exhibited marked improvement, 'below-average' to 'above-average', regardless of academic records and gender. Problem-solving ability in female students was more effective than that of male, but it showed no significant correlation with academic records. The analysis of character-change showed the highest improvement in the awareness on the protection of environment, the character factor in the educational contents. Personalities, confidence, consideration and cooperation in learning method of FPSP also exhibited a significant improvement. But character-change did not correlate with academic records or gender. In the present study, we found that home economics has a positive effect on cultivating creative character. When we selectively and properly apply a course of creative problem-solving of FPSP and a course of creative output to students, we can increase their ability to solve problems, cultivate their creative character and further enhance their interest on home economics.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.85-97
• /
• 2007

Statement of problem: Recently, anodic oxidation of cp-titanium is a popular method for treatment of titanium implant surfaces. It is a relatively easy process, and the thickness, structure, composition, and the microstructure of the oxide layer can be variably modified. Moreover the biological properties of the oxide layer can be controlled. Purpose: In this study, the roughness, microstructure, crystal structure of the variously treated groups (current, voltage, frequency, electrolyte, thermal treatment) were evaluated. And the specimens were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) to evaluate the effects of the surface characteristics and the oxide layers on the bioactivity of the specimens which were directly related to bone formation and integration. Materials and methods: Surface treatments consisted of either anodization or anodization followed thermal treatment. Specimens were divided into seven groups, depending on their anodizing treatment conditions: constant current mode (350V for group 2), constant voltage mode (155V for group 3), 60 Hz pulse series (230V for group 4, 300V for group 5), and 1000 Hz pulse series (400V for group 6, 460V for group 7). Non-treated native surfaces were used as controls (group 1). In addition, for the purpose of evaluating the effects of thermal treatment, each group was heat treated by elevating the temperature by $5^{\circ}C$ per minute until $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, and then bench cured. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM), porous oxide layers were observed on treated surfaces. The crystal structures and phases of titania were identified by thin-film x-ray diffractmeter (TF-XRD). Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used for roughness measurement (Sa, Sq). To evaluate bioactivity of modified titanium surfaces, each group was soaked in SBF for 168 hours (1 week), and then changed surface characteristics were analyzed by SEM and TF-XRD. Results: On basis of our findings, we concluded the following results. 1. Most groups showed morphologically porous structures. Except group 2, all groups showed fine to coarse convex structures, and the groups with superior quantity of oxide products showed superior morphology. 2. As a result of combined anodization and thermal treatment, there were no effects on composition of crystalline structure. But, heat treatment influenced the quantity of formation of the oxide products (rutile / anatase). 3. Roughness decreased in the order of groups 7,5,2,3,6,4,1 and there was statistical difference between group 7 and the others (p<0.05), but group 7 did not show any bioactivity within a week. 4. In groups that implanted ions (Ca/P) on the oxide layer through current and voltage control, showed superior morphology, and oxide products, but did not express any bioactivity within a week. 5. In group 3, the oxide layer was uniformly organized with rutile, with almost no titanium peak. And there were abnormally more [101] orientations of rutile crystalline structure, and bonelike apatite formation could be seen around these crystalline structures. Conclusion: As a result of control of various factors in anodization (current, voltage, frequency, electrolytes, thermal treatment), the surface morphology, micro-porosity, the 2nd phase formation, crystalline structure, thickness of the oxide layer could be modified. And even more, the bioactivity of the specimens in vitro could be induced. Thus anodic oxidation can be considered as an excellent surface treatment method that will able to not only control the physical properties but enhance the biological characteristics of the oxide layer. Furthermore, it is recommended in near future animal research to prove these results.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.513-527
• /
• 2011

There have been studies about conceptual ecology making a profound study of conceptual changes in learners' cognitive structure. Because learners' cognitive structure have been compared to ecology, it is natural to think that conception in learner's cognitive structure have a niche as species in ecology have niches. Therefore, it is necessary to study niche approach about conception that learners recognize in their cognitive structure. The purposes of this study were to identify relationships among conceptions that 5th grade elementary school students recognize about photosynthesis and to identify how these relationships among conceptions about photosynthesis change before and after a class of photosynthesis in curriculum in terms of an approach of ecological niche which are composed of 3 domains - diversity of conceptions, relevance and frequency rate of conceptions, and competition among conceptions. Open ended questionnaire was developed by 4 fields: photosynthetic place, photosynthetic products, photosynthetic materials needed and environment factors of photosynthesis. The subjects sampled in this study were 310 5th grade elementary students in 5 cites. Before and after classes in photosynthesis in science curriculum, students were asked to write down conceptions that they knew about the 4 fields of photosynthesis of questionnaire and to write down scales of relevance from 1 to 30 about how they think the conceptions are related to the field of photosynthesis. The results of this study showed the following: First, most students have had a variety of conceptions and commonly recognized 'light' and 'water' as concepts in photosynthesis. Second, students still recognized their preconceptions like 'soil' and 'root,' etc. that were far from scientific conceptions of photosynthesis although they took classes in photosynthesis. Third, students needed to take the various strategies of teachers because they did not recognized scientific conceptions appropriately about photosynthetic fields. Fourth, it appeared that photosynthetic conceptions recognized by students had status in terms of relevance and frequency rate of conceptions, and competition among conceptions, and that they looked like the niche of conceptions in their conceptual ecologies.

• 대한공업교육학회지
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.30-52
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the duties of teachers working at secondary level technical vocational education institutes, and analyze job importance, difficulty and frequency of performance perceived by teachers. For deducing the duties of teachers working at secondary level technical vocational education institutes, they were theoretically devised by reviewing related legislations & regulations and domestic & overseas literatures. The devised duties were reviewed by 16 current teachers and 3 education experts to be revised and supplemented to complete the job model. Based on this, development of research tool was finalized, and questionnaires were used as the research tool. The results of this study are as follow. First, the job categories of teachers working at secondary level technical vocational education institutes consisted of 7 categories that are subject instruction, student instruction, class management, curriculum organization & administration, school affairs & administrative duties, PR & field practical training and expertise enhancement. Based on the CFA, they consisted of 46 sub-factors in 10 categories with 3 categories of lesson preparation & planning, lesson administration and academic evaluation for subject instruction, and 2 categories of extracurricular student guidance and school life guidance for student instruction, and class management, curriculum organization & administration, school affairs & administrative duties, PR & field practical training and expertise enhancement. Second, job importance perceived by teachers working at secondary level technical vocational education institutes was found to be high overall with 4.10, while above average in difficulty with 3.45 and average in frequency of performance with 3.12 (1-3 times a month). As for categories with high job importance, they were found to be in the order of academic evaluation (4.32), lesson preparation & planning (4.28), expertise enhancement (4.27), lesson administration (4.26), school life guidance (4.25), class management (4.17) and PR & field practical training (4.12). In regards to categories with high job difficulty, they were found to be in the order of PR & field practical training (4.07), curriculum organization & administration (3.73), expertise enhancement (3.55), school life guidance (3.48), academic evaluation (3.35) and extracurricular student guidance (3.22). As for categories with high frequency of job performance, they were found to be in the order of class management (3.88), lesson administration (3.77), school life guidance (3.52), school affairs & administrative duties (3.40) and lesson preparation & planning (3.17).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.11
• /
• pp.1615-1634
• /
• 2004

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the sustainability of pig free-range production systems including the management, performance and health of pigs in the system. Modern outdoor rearing systems requires simple portable and flexible housing with low cost fencing. Local pig breeds and outdoor-adapted breeds for certain environment are generally more suitable for free-range systems. Free-range farms should be located in a low rainfall area and paddocks should be relatively flat, with light topsoil overlying free-draining subsoil with the absence of sharp stones that can cause foot damage. Huts or shelters are crucial for protecting pigs from direct sun burn and heat stress, especially when shade from trees and other facilities is not available. Pigs commonly graze on strip pastures and are rotated between paddocks. The zones of thermal comfort for the sow and piglet differ markedly; between 12-22$^{\circ}C$ for the sow and 30-37$^{\circ}C$ for piglets. Offering wallows for free-range pigs meets their behavioural requirements, and also overcomes the effects of high ambient temperatures on feed intake. Pigs can increase their evaporative heat loss via an increase in the proportion of wet skin by using a wallow, or through water drips and spray. Mud from wallows can also coat the skin of pigs, preventing sunburn. Under grazing conditions, it is difficult to control the fibre intake of pigs although a high energy, low fibre diet can be used. In some countries outdoor sows are fitted with nose rings to prevent them from uprooting the grass. This reduces nutrient leaching of the land due to less rooting. In general, free-range pigs have a higher mortality compared to intensively housed pigs. Many factors can contribute to the death of the piglet including crushing, disease, heat stress and poor nutrition. With successful management, free-range pigs can have similar production to door pigs, although the growth rate of the litters is affected by season. Piglets grow quicker indoors during the cold season compared to outdoor systems. Pigs reared outdoors show calmer behaviour. Aggressive interactions during feeding are lower compared to indoor pigs while outdoor sows are more active than indoor sows. Outdoor pigs have a higher parasite burden, which increases the nutrient requirement for maintenance and reduces their feed utilization efficiency. Parasite infections in free-range pigs also risks the image of free-range pork as a clean and safe product. Diseases can be controlled to a certain degree by grazing management. Frequent rotation is required although most farmers are keeping their pigs for a longer period before rotating. The concept of using pasture species to minimise nematode infections in grazing pigs looks promising. Plants that can be grown locally and used as part of the normal feeding regime are most likely to be acceptable to farmers, particularly organic farmers. However, one of the key concerns from the public for free-range pig production system is the impact on the environment. In the past, the pigs were held in the same paddock at a high stocking rate, which resulted in damage to the vegetation, nutrient loading in the soil, nitrate leaching and gas emission. To avoid this, outdoor pigs should be integrated in the cropping pasture system, the stock should be mobile and stocking rate related to the amount of feed given to the animals.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.182-187
• /
• 2013

In closed plant production system like plant factory, changes in environmental factors should be identified for conducting efficient environmental control as well as predicting energy consumption. Since high relative humidity (RH) is essential for crop production in the plant factory, transpiration is closely related with RH and should be quantified. In this study, four varieties of lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) were grown in a plant factory, and the leaf areas and transpiration rates of the plants according to DAT (day after transplanting) were measured. The coefficients of the simplified Penman-Monteith equation were calibrated in order to calculate the transpiration rate in the plant factory and the total amount of transpiration during cultivation period was predicted by simulation. The following model was used: $E_d=a*(1-e^{-k*LAI})*RAD_{in}+b*LAI*VPD_d$ (at daytime) and $E_n=b*LAI*VPD_n$ (at nighttime) for estimating transpiration of the lettuce in the plant factory. Leaf area and transpiration rate increased with DAT as exponential growth. Proportional relationship was obtained between leaf area and transpiration rate. Total amounts of transpiration of lettuces grown in plant factory could be obtained by the models with high $r^2$ values. The results indicated the simplified Penman-Monteith equation could be used to predict water requirements as well as heating and cooling loads required in plant factory system.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2007.04a
• /
• pp.375-404
• /
• 2007

When we look into the market economy of our country recently, we learn that the mind of consumption after IMF crisis is very shrunk and the market is led into a serious slump of consumption. For an approach to survive the contraction of the market and the market competition, enterprises command a variety of sales promotion strategy, out of which presentation is a sales promotion strategy to give the same product. The price-discounted strategy through the provision of donation commodity may induce the temporarily-discounted commodity not to be sold to the consumers or make a damage of the images of the brand, or arouse the price war against other companies, or lower the sense of the quality of the commodity. Therefore, it is necessary for a company to meet the end users' demand and also maintain the evaluation of the quality on the consumers' products highly. Therefore, in this study, we have attempted to study and analyze the consumers' satisfaction level and reliability on the donation goods in order to suggest the orientation of the presentation promotion strategy in accordance with the changes of the sales market. In addition, we tried to understand how the recognition, consumers' satisfaction level and reliability on the presentation goods had on the repurchase. With such objectives in this study, we could make an analogy of the following significance and suggestion of study. Firstly, in order to survive a serious competition market, enterprises must execute the product presentation along with diverse events instead of commanding the sales promotion strategy through a simple product presentation. This strategy can be an alternative to lower the danger a person-to-person product presentation may bring about. That is to say, we shall not lower the quality and value of the products but enhance a new image to customers through a product donation occasion together with an event as a new marketing pioneering method. Secondly, during the period of the current economic depression, if a company provides the consumers with an opportunity free of charge through the present special event period and the practical events, it will affect the advertising effect of the goods, the introduction of the customers and customers' repurchase. For this purpose, the company has to heighten customers' preferences by selecting the items customers are liable to prefer and closely analyze the consumer's response and market for such an objective. Thirdly, with the internet age, as the market has a tendency to increase in the number of consumers who do shopping in the internet, the marketing strategy has to build up the strategy of the presentation product instead of a simple offline strategy. For example, a company shall have to draw attention or attraction from end users who intend to do shopping through the online by a product planning expo or a presentation product corner. Fourthly, the excessive sale promotion strategy of presentation products may bring about even a reverse effect on the value of the goods or consumers' attitude as seen above. Therefore, a company has to relay 'the value as to the price' to the consumers instead of the sales promotion strategy of donation products just for a temporary sales volume. Conclusively, even if we put the value with a reasonable price through the presentation product strategy in the past, we shall have construct the strategy by providing some plus factors in the price such as the provision of the upgraded products or services instead of just presentation, or the invitation of the events related to diverse events or culture arts from now on.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.115-126
• /
• 2004

Somatic hybrids of inter-compatible and inter-incompatible strains were obtained by protoplast fusion. The fusion products between compatible strains, Pleurotus ostreatus and P. florida, formed heterokaryons, while fusants between incompatible strains such as P. cornucopiae + P. florida, P. ostreatus + Ganoderma applanatum, P. florida + Ganoderma lucidum, and P. ostreatus + Flammulina velutipes formed synkaryons that retained genes from both parents. The heterokaryons showed the same level of basidioma development. In contrast, the synkaryons showed unique characteristics including clamp connection formation at mitosis, either partner basidioma development, and abnormal segregation and recombination compared with inter-compatible strains. Synkaryons can be classified into homokaryoyic and heterokaryotic type. A comparison of somatic hybrids with compatible and incompatible strains was made using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The heterokaryons between compatible species showed the same level of variability and contained both parental RAPD bands. In contrast, most of the synkaryons between incompatible species showed similarity to those of either parental bands and non-parental RAPD bands. Synkaryons can be classified into microgenome insertion type and macrogenome insertion type. A tetrapolar mating system was found among monospore isolates in somatic hybrids and wild type P. ostreatus. Homokaryons from each somatic hybrid combination were paired with tester homokaryons of the initial wild type of P. ostreatus. The changed mating types were identified in progenies. The pattern of mating type switching in somatic hybrids depends on compatibility of fusion partner. There are several factors related to the mechanism of clamp connection formation and fruiting body development of synkaryons. Of these,the major factor may be associated with self-fertility and mating type switching such as homokaryotic fruiting of wild type P. ostreatus. This review will discuss these aspects.