• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.975-984
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• 2018

급속열분해 바이오오일은 사용 용도를 제한하는 바람직하지 않은 많은 특성을 가지고 있다. 낮은 산도, 불안정성, 수분과 산소 함량, 식성 증가, 저장동안에 중합 및 낮은 발열량이 적용을 제한하는 주요 특징이다. 에스터 반응을 이용한 공비 수분 제거는 이 모든 특성을 개선할수 있다. 본 연구에서는 바이오오일의 특성 변화를 알아보기 위하여 0.3~1.4 mm 크기의 신갈나무 시료 500 g을 $550^{\circ}C$에서 2초 동안 급속열분해하여 바이오오일을 제조하였다. 제조된 바이오오일을 감압(100 hPa) 조건에서 30 min 동안 비휘발성 알콜인 n-butanol 처리하였다. 제조 오일의 수분, 점도, 고위발열량, 산도, FT-IR 및 GC/MS을 분석하였다. 수분은 91.4 % 감소(from 31.5 % to below 2.7 %), 점도는 65.8 % 감소(from 36.5 to 12.5 cP), 발열량은 96.8 % 증가(from 3,918 to 7,712 kcal/kg), 산도는 1.3 증가했다(from 2.7 to 4.0). FT-IR 및 GC/MS 분석결과 불안정한 산성물질, 알데히드, 케톤 및 저급 알콜이 안정된 목표 물질로 변환한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 실험 수행 과정에서 급속열분해 바이오오일의 수분 함량이 상당히 감소했다. 이렇게 개선된 품질 개선된 급속열분해 바이오오일은 표준보일러와 열병합발전소(CHP)의 연료로 이용이 가능하다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2012

[목적] 본 연구는 화학적으로 안정된 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO (d, l-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime) 방사성 의약품을 사용한 환자 가운데 뇌조직 추출률이 떨어져 영상의 질이 저하되었던 환자를 대상으로 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 방사성 의약품 외의 요인으로 뇌조직 추출률에 변화가 일어나는 요인을 알아보고자 한다. [대상 및 방법] 2010년 1월부터 2010년 12월까지 대뇌경색(Cerebral infarction, CI)에 의한 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 뇌혈류 SPECT 검사를 시행한 환자 272명 가운데 뇌조직 추출률이 떨어졌던 환자 23명(연령 $55.3{\pm}9$세, 남 21명, 여 3명)을 대상으로 하였다. 대상환자는 정상 뇌조직 추출률을 보인 환자와 검사를 동시에 진행하여 같은 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 방사성의약품을 사용함으로써 화학적 안전성을 확인하였다. 대상환자의 연령, 성별, 혈압, 당뇨 수치, 검사 시 사용 약물, 검사시 환자상태, 과거 검사 시 CT/MRI 조영제 부작용 이력, 과거 SPECT 검사를 시행한 환자의 전과 후 검사 영상을 비교하여 뇌조직 추출률에 영향을 미치는 요인과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. [결과] 다중선형회귀분석(Multiple Linear Regression)의 결과, 성별 및 전, 후 검사 영상을 제외한 6가지 사항에서는 특이한 상관관계를 발견할 수 없었다($p$>0.05). 남성 91.3%, 여성 8.7%로 남성이 여성보다 뇌조직 추출률이 떨어졌다고 보인다. 비모수 검증을 이용한 전과 후 검사 영상에서는 유의미한 차이를 나타내지 않았다($p$>0.05). 결과적으로 전과 후 검사 영상에서 비슷한 뇌조직 추출률을 나타냈으며 환자 개인에 따라 뇌조직 추출률에 변화가 있음을 확인하였다. [결론] 화학적으로 안정된 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 방사성 의약품의 사용도 환자의 개인적인 특성 및 체질에 따라서 뇌조직 추출률이 떨어지는 유의한 요인임을 확인하였다. 앞선 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 뇌혈류 SPECT 관련 논문을 참고할 때 뇌혈관 질환 중 측부 순환로에 의한 요인이 추측되지만, 환자에 따라 뇌조직 추출률이 떨어지는 정확한 요인은 알 수 없었다. 그러나 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO SPECT 검사가 뇌질환에 따른 경과 추적에 유용한 검사이며 추적 검사 시 뇌조직 추출률이 떨어지는 환자에 대한 정보를 검사에 반영하여 정확한 검사와 판독에 도움을 줄 것으로 생각한다.

• 분석과학
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2005

70% 에탄올로 추출한 후 농축한 유근피 추출물을 여러 용매로 분획한 부분들의 MMP-9 활성 저해능 실험에서 ethyl acetate 분획분이 MMP-9 활성 저해능이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 분획분에서 MMP-9의 활성에 저해능을 나타내는 물질을 분리 정제하여 분석하였고 이 물질은 catechin 계열로 판명되었다. Zymography법에 의해 MMP-9의 활성 억제 효과를 관찰하였고 정제된 화합물은 MMP-9을 5 mM 농도에서 48%가 억제하였고 10 mM 에서는 43%를 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 정상 세포주인 Chang 세포주와 인체 간암세포인 SK-Hep-1 세포주를 동일한 조건으로 배양한 후에 형태학적 변화를 관찰한 결과, 정상 세포주의 핵과 그 주변에서는 변화가 거의 관찰되지 않았으나 SK-Hep-1 세포주는 핵의 주위에 검은 반점이 관찰되었다. 세포의 증식과 살아있는 세포를 측정하기 위하여 MMP-9 억제물질인 정제된 추출물을 투여하고 MTT 검색법에 의해 ELISA reader로의 측정에서 정상세포주인 Chang 세포주에서는 1 mM에서 세포 활성이 오히려 증가하는 경향($130.77{\pm}13.71$)을 보인 반면, SK-Hep-1 세포주에서는 세포 증식이 상당히 억제된 것으로 나타났다.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.620-627
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 골판지포장재에 대하여 LCA를 수행하고 그 결과를 바탕으로 생산공정의 환경성 개선을 수행하였다. 연구범위는 원료취득단계에서부터 원단제조단계, 상자제조단계까지로 구분하여 각 단계 및 세부공정별로 LCA에 의한 환경영향을 평가하였다. 영향범주는 자원고갈, 지구온난화, 오존층고갈, 광화학산화물생성, 산성화, 부영양화, 생태독성, 인간독성의 8가지 범주로 구분하여 평가하였다. 평가결과, 전체 환경영향 중 원료취득단계에서 발생하는 영향이 약 92%로 가장 높게 차지하는 것으로 나타났으며 라이너지 제조공정에서 가장 큰 환경영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 원단제조단계와 상자제조단계의 공정에서 발생하는 환경영향은 원단제조단계의 주 공정인 single facer 및 D/W backer 공정에서 가장 높은 영향을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 환경영향이 나타나는 주요 원인은 전력, 중유 등의 에너지인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 포장재의 청정생산공정구축을 위하여 생산공정에 대한 진단을 수행하였다. 진단을 통하여 손모율 저감과 상자의 내압강도에 대한 개선효과를 평가하였으며, 개선 후 환경영향은 개선 전보다 약 3.8% 환경영향이 저감된 것으로 나타났다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.493-501
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• 2007

The membrane pilot plant has being operated in the Hyeondo pumping station to find the optimal operation technique of Gong-Ju membrane water treatment plant (WTP) which is constructing in $250m^3/d$ scale. The pilot plant was consisted of two trains which can treat $30,000m^3/d$ per train. First train was operated for one year under the condition of flux $1m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ while the effects of flux variation and addition of powdered activated carbon(PAC) were evaluated in second train. The turbidity of membrane product water of first train which is operated on Flux $1m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ was always below 0.05 NTU regardless of raw water turbidity. And also, the trance-membrane pressure(TMP) was maintained at $0.3{\sim}0.5kgf/cm^2$ for about 9 months and increased rapidly to $1.8kgf/cm^2$ which is maximum operating TMP. However, TMP was rapidly increased to $1.8kgf/cm^2$ within 2 months as flux was increased from 1 to $2m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$, especially, within 10 days under high turbidity(30~50NTU). This reault means that if Gongju membrane WTP is operated in flux $1m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$, chemical cleaning period can be maintained over 6 months. Only 10% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was removed in membrane process while the removal efficiencies of manganese and iron were 60% and 77% respectively. However, because only solid manganese and iron were removed in membrane process, an additional process for treating soluble manganese is required if souble manganese is high in raw water. 70% of 70ng/L 2-MIB which is causing taste & odor was removed in powdered activated carbon (PAC) tank with 50mg/L PAC which is design concentration of Gongju WTP. In addition, TMP was reduced with addition of 50mg/L PAC regardless of flux. Because TMP was not influenced even if 100mg/L PAC was added, the high taste and odor problem can be controled by additional injection of PAC.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.158-164
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• 2007

Uterine leiomyoma is the most common tumor in the female genital tract. Although the tumor is benign, it is a matter of paramount importance since it often causes profuse menstrual bleeding, pressure symptoms and infertility. Nevertheless, the etiology and pathophysiology of this abnormality remain poorly understood. The traditional definitive treatment for uterine leiomyomas is hysterectomy and, even today, symptomatic leiomyomas are the leading cause of hysterectomy in Korea. Clearly, the development of a safe, effective, and nonsurgical method of treatment for leiomyoma would be of great benefit to many women. This study demonstrated growth inhibition of uterine leiomyoma cells using Haeohyultang (HT). When human leiomyoma cells were treated with Haeohyultang, cells showed dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect. Cell growth was inhibited by over 40% as determined by both cell counts and MTS assay. Reduction of cellular viability as a consequence of exposure to Haeohyultang resulted from induction of apoptosis, as assessed by DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, caspase 9 and caspase 3 assay. Flow cytometry analysis with uterine leiomyoma cells demonstrated sub G1 cell cycle arrest after treatment with drug Haeohyultang. But, the expression levels of p27 and p21 were not changed in Haeohyultang treated cells compared with control. However, the expression levels of clAP1 were reduced by Haeohyultang compared with control. This reduction of clAP1 data means activation of the caspase family, and then induction of PARP cleavage and apoptosis. These results suggest that Haeohyultang may be potential therapeutic approach in the clinical management of uterine leiomyoma.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 1981

In 1944 Cavallito and Bailey first extracted an essential oil, a powerful antibacterial principle, from the garlic and named it allicin. Later Stoll and Seeback elucidated that allicin was produced from alliin by the enzymatic action of arinase. Damaru observed the depressor responses following intraperitoneal administration of garlic juice in cats. And Thiersch presented evidence that garlic had a protective action against experimental arterosclerosis in cholesterol-fed animals. On the other hand it was also reported that anemias were caused by long-term ingestion of garlic as a result of reduction in hemoglobin and RBC. From the experiment in which the effect of garlic on the blood sugar level was studied, Lee insisted garlic elevated blood sugar level. However, August and Jain claimed that hypoglycemia was induced by garlic administration. Recently Bordia and Bansal suggested that essential oils extracted from onion and garlic have a strong preventive effect on hyperlipemia and prolonged coagulation time resulted from fat-feeding. Furthermore Bordia et al indicated that garlic exerted a strong fibrinolytic activity. In early 1920 s Sugihara reported that essential oil of garlic not only decreased arterial blood pressure but also had a paralytic effect on the isolated heart and intestinal strip of animals. The present study was proposed to investigate the effect of garlic juice and the mechanism of its action on the motility of the isolated rabbit duodenum. The motility of the isolated duodenum was recorded on polygraph by means of force transducer connected with Magnus apparatus. And the isolated duodenum was separtely pretreated with $acetylcholine(5{\times}10^{-7}\;gm/ml)$, $pilocarpine(2.5{\times}10^{-6}\;gm/ml)$, $histamine(5{\times}10^{-6}\;gm/ml)$ and barium $chloride(2.5{\times}10^{-5}\;gm/ml)$ in order to find out interations of these drugs with ASJ. The results obtained were as follows; At concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% ASJ markedly inhibited contractions of isolated duodenum while tonus as well as contractility of the isolated intestine were decreased also with 0.5% and 1.0% ASJ. Since ASJ markedly abolished augmented motility of isolated intestine by histamine and partly reduced that by $BaCl_2$, it is strongly suggested that inhibitory action of ASJ on the intestinal motility is caused mainly by its antihistamine effect and partly by its direct action on the intestinal smooth muscle.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2012

Miniature pig sperm cryopreservation is continually researched in biotechnology for breed conservation and reproduction. It is important to control the temperature at each stage of cryopreservation and cryoprotectant. It is also necessary to find the optimal cryoprotectant concentration and chemical elements of the extender. Recently, many studies have used various cryoprotectant materials, such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), antifreeze protein (AFP), amides, and glycerol. Glycerol is a commonly used cryoprotectant. However, glycerol has critical cytotoxic properties, including osmotic pressure and it can cause irreversible damage to live cells. Therefore, We focused on membrane fluidity modifications can reduce cell damage from freezing and thawing procedures and evaluated on the positive effects of trehalose to the viability, chromatin integrity, and motility of boar sperm. Miniature pig sperm was separated from semen by washing with modified- Modena B (mMB) extender. After centrifugation, the pellet was diluted with the prepared first extender. This experiment was designed to compare the effects that sperm cryopreservation using two different extenders has on sperm chromatin. The control group used the glycerol only and it was compared with the glycerol and glycerol plus trehalose extender. Sperm viability and motility were evaluated using WST1 assays and computer-assisted semen assays (CASA). Chromatin structure was examined using acridine orange staining. For the motility descriptors, trehalose caused a significant (p<0.01) increase in total motility ($57.80{\pm}4.60%$ in glycerol vs. $75.50{\pm}6.14%$ in glycerol + trehalose) and progressive ($51.20{\pm}5.45%$ in glycerol vs. $70.74{\pm}8.06%$ in glycerol + trehalose). A significant (p<0.05) increase in VAP ($42.70{\pm}5.73{\mu}m/s$ vs. $59.65{\pm}9.47{\mu}m/s$), VSL ($23.06{\pm}3.27{\mu}m/s$ vs. $34.60{\pm}6.58{\mu}m/s$), VCL ($75.36{\pm}11.36{\mu}m/s$ vs. $99.55{\pm}12.91{\mu}m/s$), STR ($54.4{\pm}2.19%$ vs. $58.0{\pm}1.63%$), and LIN ($32.2{\pm}2.05%$ vs. $36.0{\pm}2.45%$) were also detected, respectively. The sperm DNA fragmentation index was 48.8% to glycerol only and 30.6% to glycerol plus trehalose. Trehalose added group showed higher percentages of sperm motility, stability of chromatin structure than glycerol only. In this study, we suggest that trehalose is effective in reducing freezing damage to miniature pig sperm and can reduce chromatin damage during cryopreservation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.135-150
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review the combination effects and adverse effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on the treatment of obesity. Methods : Four databases were searched, including Pubmed, National assembly library, RISS4u, and NDSL, for studies published before March 31, 2016 using the keywords 'yerba mate', 'Ilex paraguariensis', and those related to 'obesity'. Clinical trials, and both in vivo and in vitro studies were classified according to the following categories: publication year, nationality, types and composition of test compounds, combination effects, adverse effects, and safety. Results : A total of 16 articles (14 clinical trials, one in vivo, one in vitro) were included in the analysis. Combination effects were reported from six YGD (Yerba Mate, Guarana, Damiana, Zotrim), five Meltdown, one Shred-matrix, one DBX (DymaBurn Xtreme), one XSIII research study, and adverse effects were reported from two YGD (Zotrim), four Meltdown, one Shred-matrix and one MetEF research study. YGD and Shred-matrix increased satiety while YGD and MetEF had adverse gastrointestinal effects potentially due to guarana. Meltdown and Shred-matrix increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation and had the adverse effects of increased heart rate and blood pressure due to the thermogenic effect of caffeine and yohimbine. DBX increased resting energy expenditure but no difference was observed in respiratory exchange ratio. XSIII reduced body weight gain and food intake more than each of the extracts did on their own. Conclusion : Taken together, the combination effects and adverse effects differed according to the composition of test compounds and the ratio of ingredients. Multicomponent approaches should be used for treating multifactorial diseases such as obesity. As a general conclusion, there is a place for a combination of herbal components including yerba mate, based on the principle of Kun-Shin-Choa-Sa for the treatment of obesity.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.524-532
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 무선진공청소기용 팬 모터 단품으로부터 방사되는 공력소음을 저감하기 위하여 팬 모터 단품 내부의 기존 임펠라에 스플리터 날개를 설계하였다. 우선, 팬 모터 단품, 특히 임펠라의 유동장을 분석하기 위하여 전산유체역학 기법을 사용하여 비정상, 비압축성 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) 방정식을 수치적으로 해석하였다. 예측한 유동장 결과를 입력값으로 Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H) 적분 방정식을 풀어 임펠라로부터 방사되는 소음을 수치적으로 예측하였다. 예측한 음압스펙트럼과 측정값의 비교를 통하여 수치해석방법의 유효성을 검증하였다. 예측한 유동장 결과에 대한 추가 분석을 통하여 임펠라 날개 사이에서 강한 와류가 형성되는 것을 확인하였다. 와류는 유동에는 손실로 소음에는 소음원으로 작용하기 때문에 기존 임펠라에 스플리터 형상을 추가 설계하여 와류를 억제하고자 하였다. 스플리터의 길이와 위치를 설계 인자로 선정하였으며, 다구찌 기법을 사용하여 각각의 설계 인자가 공력소음에 미치는 영향도를 살펴보았다. 이 결과로부터 최소소음을 나타내는 스플리터의 최적 위치와 길이를 결정하였다. 최종 선정된 설계안에 대한 추가 해석을 통하여 소음성능이 개선됨을 확인 하였다.