• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.519-528
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in lipid components of red pepper under various processing conditions such as drying, exposing to lights, extraction and storage conditions. The material used in this study were Chungyang cultivars which contained the largest amount of capsaicinoids and Dabok cultivars which is most popular among the various cultivars produced in Korea. Total lipid content of Chungyang was 15.7% and those of Dabok, Udeungsang and Hongilpum were about 17%. The neutral lipid content in free lipid of red pepper was $78.5{\sim}80.3%$ Phospholipid and glycolipid content in bound lipid were $53.8{\sim}56.9%$ and $35.3{\sim}38.7%$ respectively. The major fatty acids of lipid were linoleic, palmitic and oleic acid. Linoleic acid was presented mainly in pericarp, seed and placenta, whereas the most of palmitic acid was presented in stem. Lipid content of cut and whole red pepper were decreased $24.7{\sim}28%$ and $18.1{\sim}21.5%$ by drying for 48hrs at $65^{\circ}C$ and $95^{\circ}C$. And lipid content was also decreased $3.5{\sim}3.6%$ when the red pepper powder was exposed to 15,000 lux of incandescent light for 30 days at $40^{\circ}C$ and $4{\sim}4.9%$ to fluorescent light. The lipid was extracted the highest content of $50.5{\sim}51.7%$ by acid solution(pH2) and the lowest content by neutral solution, and the higher the salt concentration, the greater the lipid was extracted. During storage at $4^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C,\;40^{\circ}C$, for 30 days the lipid content was not much changed but linoleic acid content was decreased during storage at the same conditions.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.425-430
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• 1992

우리나라 농가 포장에 현재까지 잔존하는 적미를 수집하여 이를 유전자원으로 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 검토하고자 제주도와 도서지방을 제외한 전국 8개 도 101개 시, 군에서 1,113계통의 적미를 수집하여 이들을 입형에 따라 분류하고 지리적 분포화 몇가지 종실특성을 검정한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수집된 적미는 외관상 Indica에 가까운 장립형과 Japonica에 가까운 단립형으로 구분되었는데 장립형의 정조 장폭화는 3.01$\pm$0.11,, 단립형의 정조 장폭화는 2.28$\pm$0.12였다. 2. 장립형 적미는 경상남북도의 낙동강유역과 전라남북도의 섬진강유역에 주로 분포하였고 단립형 적미는 전국에 분포하였다. 3. 장립형과 단립형 적미는 종피색은 적색이 각각 90.8%, 88.8%로서 대부분이었으나 장립형에는 백색이 9.2%, 단립형에서는 갈색과 백색이 각각 10.6%, 0.6% 있었다. 4. 장립형 적미는 9.3%와 단립형 적미의 30.8%는 phenol반응을 나타내었다. 5. 장립형에는 찰성이 없었으나 단립형 적미에는 4.3%가 찰성이었다. 6. 장립형 적미는 거의 까락이 없었으나 단립형 적미의 49.6%는 까락이 있었다. 7. 장립형 적미는 모두 탈립이 쉬웠으나 단립형 적미의 14.8%는 탈립이 정상적이었다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.68-83
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• 2010

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) occurred sympatrically with other weeds and the rice crop in Malaysian rice granaries. We conducted field surveys in 2006-2008 seasons in 7 farm blocks of Selangor's North West Project, Malaysia to enlist the new biotypes of weedy rice (NBWR) and assess their spatio-temporal pattern of distribution based on quantitative and dispersion indices. No less than 16 accessions of NBWR were identified based on their special traits, viz. panicle type, pericarp colour, presence or absence of awn, seed type and degree of grain shattering. The NBWR accessions exhibited a combination of morphological traits from open panicle, grain with awns, red pericarp, short grain type, and degrees of grain shattering. Others mimic commercial rices with close panicle, awnless grains, white pericarp, long or short grain-type. Invariably, the NBWRs mimic and stand as tall as cultivated rice namely MR219, MR220, or MR235 and these NBWR accessions stand among equals morphologically vis-a-vis the commercial rice varieties. Most accessions displayed varying degrees of grain shattering in excess of 50%, except Acc9 and Acc12. The seasonal dynamics of on the prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions were also displaying significant differences among farm blocks. While Bagan Terap farm block, for example, did not record any measurable changes in the dominant NBWR accessions over seasons, the Sungai Leman farm block recorded measurable season-mediated changes in the dominant NBWR accessions. Sungai Leman started with NBWR Acc3, Acc4, Acc5, Acc7, Acc8, and Acc12 in season 1 of 2006/2007, but no measurable records of Acc3 and Acc5 were shown in season 2 of 2007. In season 3 of 2007/2008, only Acc8 and Acc12 prevailed in the farm block. In Sawah Sempadan farm block, season 3 of 2007/2008 showed much reduced prevalence of NBWRs leaving only Acc8 and Acc12. Most accessions registered clump or under-dispersed spatial distribution pattern based on quantitative indices: variance-to-mean ratio (VMR) and Lloyd's patchiness values. The dynamics on the extent of infestation and prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions registered both season- and farm-block mediated differences. Most accessions showed VMR >1 thus indicative of having a clump or clustered spatial distribution, as exemplified by Acc3, Acc4, Acc7, Acc8 and Acc12 in all farm blocks throughout three seasons. Some accessions have either random or uniform distribution in a few farm blocks. The Acc8 has the highest population counts based on important value index, followed by Acc12, and both were the most dominant accession while Sawah Sempadan was the worst farm block infested by NBWR compared to other farm blocks. These results were discussed in relation with the current agronomic and weed management practices, water availability and extension services in the granary.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권spc1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

The edible natural pigments extracted from plant organs become steadly popular to consumer because of those physiological functions desirable for food preservation and human health in recent years. There are a number of colored rice genotypes from light brown to blackish purple via reddish brown and purple. Some researchers reported their results on extraction recipes and identification of chemical structure of the pigments from the colored rice. The pigments extracted from colored rices can be largely divided into two types of anthocyanin and tannin pigments. Anthocyanin pigments are mainly contained in purple or blackish purple rice while tannin pigments are mainly contained in brown or reddish brown rice. Some brownish purple rices showed two peaks of tannin and anthocyanin pigments simultaneously. Purple rices showed better extraction of pigments in $0.1\%$ HCl-contained $80\%$ methanol or $0.5\%$ malic-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol, while red rices revealed better extraction of pigments in $0.01\%$ citric-acid-contained $80\%$ ethanol. The anthocyanin pigments are generally unstable to heat, light and acidity of solution. The pigments extracted from colored rice can be preserved stably under the dark and cool(<$5^{\circ}C$) condition and at pH $2.0\~4.0$. The anthocyanin pigments of purple rice are mainly composed by cyanidin-3-glucoside (chrysanthemin). The other pigment fractions in purple rice were identified to peonidin-3-gluco-side, malvidin-3-galactoside(uliginosin) and cyanidin-3-ramnoglucoside(keracyanin). The pericarp coloration of purple rices is controlled by three complimentary genes C (anthocyanin), A(activator) and $Pl^{w}$(purple leaf) genes, while the red rices are expressed by complimentary interaction between Rc(basic substance of pigment) and Rd(distribution of pigment) genes or C and $Pl^{w}$ genes. Recently, the antioxidation and antimutagenic activity in main component of anthocyanin pigments extracted from colored rice were identified. The natural pigments from colored rice can be useful for beverages, cakes, ice scream, cosmetic and so on.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1522-1528
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• 2004

건고추의 방사선 조사 여부 판별법을 연구하고자 부위별(분말, 과피, 씨, 줄기) 전자스핀공명(ESR)을 분석한 결과, 조사시료에서는 비조사 시료에서 볼 수 없었던 cellulose radical에 의해 생성되는 한 쌍의 peak가 6 mT의 간격을 두고 signal을 보여주었다(g=2.024, 2.006, 1.987). ESR signal은 조사 선량의 증가에 따라 크기가 비례적으로 증가하였다. ESR signal은 실온 저장 12주 후에도 측정이 가능하였다. GCMS에 의해 고춧가루 지방질로부터 hydrocarbon류를 검출한 결과, 조사 시료에서는 비조사 시료에서 검출되지 않은 1-tetradecene(14:1), 1,7,10-hexadecatriene(16:3), 1,7-hexadecadiene(16:2), 1-hexadecene(16:1), 6,9-heptadecadiene (17:2), 8-heptadecene(17:1) 등의 hydrocarbon류가 검출되었고 저장 8개월까지도 검출이 가능하여 방사선 조사 marker로써의 활용가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.431-436
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• 2004

건고추의 위생화 및 검역처리와 관련하여 감마선 조사(5, 10 kGy)와 훈증처리(MeBr, $PH_3$)된 건고추의 지장 중 기계적 색도(Hunter L, a, b, ${\Delta}E$) 및 관능적 품질을 평가하였다. 건고추의 가공형태에 따른 비교에서 통고추는 실온저장 중 높은 명도(L) 값을, 분말 고추는 높은 적색도(a) 값을 유지하였다. 건고추 부위별 시료의 색도에 대한 감마선과 훈증 처리의 영향에서 처리 직후에는 전반적인 색차(${\Delta}E$) 값이 크지 않았으나, 저장 8개월 후 통고추는 $PH_3$ 훈증군이, 분말 고추는 5 kGy 조사군이 각각 높은 적색도를 보였다(p<0.05). 감마선 조사 건고추 과피의 적색도는 저장 8개월에 크게 감소하였으며, 훈증 처리된 시료에서도 유사한 변화를 보였다. 건고추 씨의 황색도(b)는 10 kGy 조사군이 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며(p<0.05), 저장 기간이 경과됨에 따라 처리군 간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 통고추 및 분말고추의 관능적 품질은 상업적 조건의 감마선 및 훈증 처리에 의해 거의 변화되지 않았으며, 저장기간이 경과할수록 대조군에 비해 높은 관능평점을 보여주었다. 이 같은 결과는 감마선 및 훈증 처리 시 통고추 형태보다는 분말고추에서 보다 양호하게 나타났다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.624-637
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• 2020

High-quality and high-phytonutrient watermelon fruits have strong market opportunities besides their health related benefits. Hence, investigating quality and nutritional related traits of watermelon genetic resources could provide important baseline data in breeding for increased lycopene content thereby increasing the marketability of watermelon. To this end, we have examined some fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of 105 genetic resources. Seeds, originally obtained from 22+ countries, were obtained from the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju, South Korea, grown in an experimental field and harvested at a fully mature stage. The size of pistil scar (SPS), the width of stripes (WS), weight of fruit (WF), length of fruit (LF), width of fruit (WIF), the thickness of pericarp (TP), soluble solids content (SSC), fruit shape in longitudinal section, ground color of skin, the intensity of the green color of skin, fruit shape at the apical part, grooving distribution, conspicuousness of stripes, and main color of the flesh were recorded on the field and inside laboratory and the lycopene was measured using spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Watermelon fruits have shown a diverse morphological characters. Red and pink fleshed fruits dominated in the entire collections. Fruits with higher thickness of rind were found to exhibit less soluble solid content (SSC). Korean origin fruits were characterized by intermediate SSC while the United States of America (USA), Russia (RUS), Tajikistan (TJK), Turkmenistan (TKM), Taiwan (TWN), and Uruguay (URY) originated fruits had the highest SSC. The lycopene content varied between 41.37 and 182.82 ㎍/g, 2.81 and 163.72 ㎍/g, and 3.54 and 255.47 ㎍/g using HPLC, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and microplate reader spectrophotometer, respectively. Red- and pink-fleshed fruits had the highest levels of lycopene content compared to the yellow- and orange-fleshed. Lycopene content had a significant positive correlation with SSC, however, no correlations were detected between lycopene and other quantitative fruit morphological characters. Our study demonstrated high diversity exists in fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of the germplasm collections which provide beneficial baseline data for a future breeding program and utilization of watermelon germplasm collections in gene banks for the maintenance and improvement of the current levels of production, marketability, and health-related benefit of watermelon fruits.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2012

The antioxidant potential and enzyme activities in Salicornia herbacea, Corylopsis coreana, Erythronium japonicum, Phragmites communis, Momordica Charantia, Nelumbo nucifera, Salvia plebeia, Portulaca oleracea, Ficus carica, Citrus junos and Cornus officinalis were determined. Their antioxidant activities were measured using DPPH radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging activity. Enzyme activities in investigated plants were evaluated as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The DPPH scavenging rate from 100 to 2500 $mgL^{-1}$ was the highest in the flower of Corylopsis coreana. However, it was not detected in most of the samples at concentration below 100 $mgL^{-1}$. The nitrite scavenging activity according to each kind of resource plants was significantly higher in the stem of Corylopsis coreana and leaf of Nelumbo nucifera. The root extract of Erythronium japonicum had the highest SOD enzyme activity of 94.0% while leaf of Salvia plebeia showed the lowest SOD enzyme activity of 30.4%. The activity of CAT and APX showed higher values in the stem of Corylopsis coreana, root of Erythronium japonicum and root of Phragmites communis in comparison with other plants. The activity of POD showed significantly high values in stem of Corylopsis coreana, Momordica Charantia and pericarp of Citrus junos extracts. The antioxidant enzyme activities differ significantly in different plants. In conclusion, we showed that Corylopsis coreana, Erythronium japonicum Cornus officinalis, and Momordica Charantia had the potent biological activities. Therefore, these plant resources showing antioxidant activity could be good materials for development of source of functional healthy food.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.660-672
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• 2022

The target of rapamycin complex (TORC) plays a key role in plant cell growth and survival by regulating the gene expression and metabolism according to environmental information. TORC activates transcription, mRNA translation, and anabolic processes under favorable conditions, thereby promoting plant growth and development. Tomato fruit ripening is a complex developmental process promoted by ethylene and specific transcription factors. TORC is known to modulate leaf senescence in tomato. In this study, we investigated the function of TORC in tomato fruit ripening using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the TORC genes, TOR, lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (LST8), and regulatory-associated protein of TOR (RAPTOR). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression levels of tomato TORC genes were the highest in the orange stage during fruit development in Micro-Tom tomato. VIGS of these TORC genes using stage 2 tomato accelerated fruit ripening with premature orange/red coloring and decreased fruit growth, when control tobacco rattle virus 2 (TRV2)-myc fruits reached the mature green stage. TORC-deficient fruits showed early accumulation of carotenoid lycopene and reduced cellulose deposition in pericarp cell walls. The early ripening fruits had higher levels of transcripts related to fruit ripening transcription factors, ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid synthesis, and cell wall modification. Finally, the early ripening phenotype in Micro-Tom tomato was reproduced in the commercial cultivar Moneymaker tomato by VIGS of the TORC genes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TORC plays an important role in tomato fruit ripening by modulating the transcription of various ripening-related genes.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제4권
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• pp.12-17
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• 1986

고추 육종(育種)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 $342{\times}$김장고추, 馬山${\times}$Hungarian wax 그리고 마산(馬山)${\times}$제주(濟州) 등(等) 3조합(組合)의 친(親), $F_1$, $F_2$ 그리고 $BCF_1$ 세대(世代)에 대(對)해 적숙(赤熟)된 과실(果實)을 수집(收穫)하여 1생(生) 건과중(乾果重)을 구성(構成)하는 형질(形質)들의 잡종강세(雜種强勢), 유전성분(遺傳成分) 및 상관관계(相關關係)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 평균(平均) Heterosis는 거의 모든 형질(形質)에서 정(正)의 값을 나타내었고 평균(平均) Heterobeltiosis는 $342{\times}$김장고추조합(組合)을 제외(除外)하고는 거의 부(負)의 값을 나타내었다. 또한 근교약세(近交弱勢)도 정(正)의 값을 보여 $F_2$에서의 무게감소가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 형질발현(形質發現)에는 각(各) 조합(組合)의 형질(形質)에 따라 중복적(重複的) 혹(或)은 보족적(補足的)으로 상위성(上位性)이 작용(作用)하였으며 $F_2$에서 과중(果重)과 과육중(果肉重)은 광의(廣義) 및 협의(狹義)의 유전력(遺傳力)이 높았으며 기타형질(其他形質)은 전반적(全般的)으로 낮았다. 각(各) 과중구성요소간(果重構成要素間)의 형질상관(形質相關)은 생(生) 건과중(乾果重)에서 모두 정(正)의 유의(有意)한 상관(相關)을 보였다.