• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.257-268
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Zinc is an essential trace mineral which is important for the growth and development of the human body and immunological and neurological functions. Inadequate zinc intake may cause zinc deficiency with its adverse consequences. In this study, we aimed to estimate the dietary zinc intake levels and sources among Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS: For this secondary analysis, we obtained data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 yr who had completed a 24-h recall were included. The dietary zinc intake of each individual was calculated by applying data from a newly developed zinc content database to the KNHANES raw data. We also compared the extracted data with the sex-, age-specific reference values suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. The prevalence of adequate zinc intake was then evaluated by the proportion of the individuals who met the estimated average requirement (EAR). RESULTS: The mean zinc intake of Koreans aged ≥ 1 yr and adults aged ≥ 19 yrs were 10.2 and 10.4 mg/day, equivalent to 147.4% and 140.8% of the EAR, respectively. Approximately 2 in 3 Koreans met the EAR for zinc, but the zinc intake differed slightly among the different age and sex groups. In children aged 1-2 yrs, 2 out of 5 exceeded the upper level of intake, and nearly half of the younger adults (19-29 yrs) and the elders (≥ 75 yrs) did not meet the EAR. The major contributing food groups were grains (38.9%), meats (20.4%), and vegetables (11.1%). The top 5 food contributors to zinc intake were rice, beef, pork, egg, and baechu kimchi, which accounted for half of the dietary intake. CONCLUSION: The mean zinc intake among Koreans was above the recommended level, but 1 in 3 Koreans had inadequate zinc intake and some children were at risk of excessive zinc intake. Our study included zinc intake from diet only, thus to better understand zinc status, further research to include intake from dietary supplements is needed.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.483-495
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the perimenstrual discomforts and dietary intake levels among normal women. Method: A prospective and descriptive study examined 38 women aged 23 46years of age. The data collection period lasted from April 1 to June 30, 2003. The participants were asked to keep a diary recording perimenstrual symptoms and food intake for 50 days. Results: There was a significant difference in physical symptoms of perimenstrual discomforts (F=6.95. p=.001). but there was no significant difference in dietary intake level according to three different phases of a menstrual cycle. The significant dietary intake variables correlated to PMS included energy, protein, Vitamin E, Vitamin $B_2$, niacin, Vitamin $B_6$, folic acid, phosphorus, iron, and zinc. They were negatively related to perimenstrual discomforts. Conclusion: Balanced diet intake will be necessary for not only the perimenstrual discomforts but also the general health promotion of the entire population. The dietary and nutritional assessment should be done prior to nursing interventions, and nutritional counseling and education should be given based on individual differences. In a further study, the effects of dietary composition on specific symptoms will be replicated with a large sample, and development of a diet intervention program for perimenstrual discomforts is recommended.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2003

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's) are new nutrient intake standards that are being set for the United States and Canada. There are currently four types of DRI's: Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). The EAR is the nutrient intake that would be adequate for about half the population, while intake at the RDA should be adequate for 97-98% of the population. When the data are insufficient to set an EAR and RDA, then an AI is set. The UL is the highest intake level that does not pose a risk of adverse effects. The EAR, AI, and UL may be used to assess intakes of both individuals and of groups of people. For individuals, the EAR is used to calculate the probability that intake is inadequate, the AI is used to decide if the probability of inadequacy is low, and the UL is used to determine if a risk of excess intake is present. For groups. the EAR is used to estimate the prevalence of inadequacy, the AI is used to decide if the prevalence of inadequacy is low, and the UL is used to estimate the prevalence of excessive intakes. Because this approach to setting and applying nutrient standards is new, research recommendations include improving estimates of risk, improving dietary data, and improving statistical methods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was to investigate 1) the correlation of serum Ca, with depression and anxiety ; and 2) the effect of Ca intake on those symptoms. The subjects were three females and two males who were 53-66 years old with the severe subjective symptoms of depression and anxiety. They have taken more than twice Ca of RDA(recommended dietary allowances for Koreans) daily for 6 months(dietary treatment). The prestudy Ca intake of the subjects was low: 60% of RDA for Koreans. Their serum Ca concentration was also low: 6.67 $\pm$ 0.15mg/d1 before the dietary treatment. They expressed severs depression and anxiety, with high self scores in a psychological test. Their serum Ca concentration increased to 8.32 $\pm$ 0.17mg/dl after six months of dietary treatment, while the symptoms of depression and anxiety decreased significantly after two months and nearly disappeared after six months. This result seemed to be an effect of the dietary high Ca intake. Serum Ca and the psychological states of depression and anxiety correlated negatively, and the coefficients of determination were high in the results of linear regression analysis of depression and anxiety by serum Ca. Therefore the serum Ca concentration could be a good marker to predict depression or anxiety relatively well. The continuous high Ca intake could decrease the probability of developing depression or anxiety and mitigate their symptoms because serum Ca concentration increased, while the state of depression and anxiety decreased with the increased Ca intake.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.216-223
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• 2005

This purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake, the health status as determined self-assessment checklist, biochemical indicators of elderly Korean women. We interviewed and 55 female subjects living alone in the Urban aged over 65 years. Information on their dietary intake was collected by 24-hour Recall method. Their health status was determined by a NSI checklist. Biochemical indicators were performed in whole blood and plasma of subjects. Except for protein, Fe, all of the elderly subjects belonged to over moderate nutritional risk. The average daily nutrient intake of the elderly was below the level of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Koreans. A relationship between their health risk score and nutrient intake was observed negatively (not significantly). They had a risk of anemia as hemoglobin and hematocrit of subjects were under the normal value. Therefore, the reason that health risk score and health status badly was thought for lower nutrient intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 1994

Dietary fiber(DF) intakes of Korean during 1969∼1990 were estimated and the major food sources of fiber were analyzed using the data from the Annual Reports of Korean National Nutrition Survey. The estimated daily DF intake of Korean has gradually decreased during the 22 years, from 24.46g in 1969 to 17.31g in 1990 with a remarkable decline in 1987. The average DF intakes of the rural population were higher than those fo urban's until 1980, but the situation was reversed until 1987 and the regional difference in DF consumption disappeared thereafter. Vegetables, cereals, grain and legumes were the major sources of fiber for Korean in recent 5 years(1986∼1990), providing 32%, 16% and 19% of DF intake respectively. Throughout the 22years, the intakes of DF from cereals and fresh vegetables have been reduced and those from processed vegetables, seaweeds and fruits has been increased. Df intake from legumes continuously increased until 1986, and it decreased thereafter. Rural population consumed more fiber from cereals than the urban's during the 1970s, but thereafter regional difference in cereal fiber intakes became insignificant. Urban population consumed more fiber from legumes and fruits than the rural's through the entire period. The results of this study indicate that the present DF intake of Korean is considerably lower than generally anticipated and is below the tentative recommended DF intake and thus higher DF intake than the present level is needed.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.164-179
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• 2002

A survey was conducted to examine the food intake of 285 Korean female students attending a secondary school in Seoul. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency based on the Korean Food Tower which consists of five food groups, i.e., grain products, vegetables and fruits, meat, milk, and fats and sweets. To describe food intake descriptive statistics were obtained using SPSS. The food frequency analysis indicated that the participants ate rice, cabbage kimchi, radish, and soybean/red pepper paste most frequently along with milk, ice cream, tea, and seasonal fruits such as citrus fruits, apples, watermelon, and grapes for snacks. Distributions of the total standardized serving frequency for each food group indicated that approximately 84, 83, 45, 60, and 34%, respectively, of the respondents met the recommended serving frequency for grain products, vegetables and fruits, meat, milk, and fats and sweets groups(mean servings per day 5.5, 10.6, 5.5, 2.1, 3.5). Income was the only demographic factor that affected food intake, particularly with respect to meat, milk, and fats and sweets(p < .01). In Korea, these food groups are generally more expensive than the other ones. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 164∼179, 2002)

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.561-570
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the nutrition education on the nutrition knowledge, eating behaviour and nutrient intake of the children. Questionnaire and dietary record were executed to 105 children in the 4th and 5th grade in elementary school with nutrition education and 107 in the same grade without nutrition education. The results were as follows; In nutrition aspect, higher acknowledgement and precision level was observed(p<0.001) in the educated group. Higher practice will of nutrition knowledge, lower rate of skipping meal, better appetite were also observed in the educated group. In the aspect of food group intake, meatㆍfishㆍegg, tofu and bean, fruits, milk and milk products intake frequency were higher in the educated group. Most nutrient intake except fat and vitamin B₂ were observed to be higher in the educated group. Therefore, it was concluded that continuous nutrition education was recommended in order to put positive effect on the eating behaviour and nutrient intake of the children.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.689-698
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the diversity of food intake and nutrient intake among Korean college students participating in a nutrition education class via the internet. The subjects were 796 college students throughout South Korea (278 males, 518 females). A 3 days dietary recall survey was conducted and results were analyzed using the Computer-aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Dietary variety was assessed by DDS (dietary diversity score), MBS (meal balance score), and DVS (dietary variety score). Dietary quality was assessed by NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), and MAR (mean adequacy ratio). As the DDS, MBS and DVS increased, the NAR and MAR improved. The subjects with a DDS of above 4 or a MBS of above 10 or a DVS of above 11 met two-thirds of the Korean recommended dietary allowance for most nutrients. The DDS, MBS and DVS correlated positively and significantly with the NAR and MAR. Associations between the NAR and high levels of DVS were more positive than those between the NAR and the DDS. Based on these results, the food intake of these subjects was not adequate. Specially, the dietary intake of calcium and iron were not adequate. Therefore, dietary guidelines should be made considering nutritional characteristics so as to improve the intake from all of the major food groups and provide a variety of foods in their diets.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.206-219
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate nutrient and food choices in gastric cancer patients receiving Cisplatin after surgery. Ten patients were followed from the fist day of the first cycle to the last date of the 6th the cycle of the chemotherapy. The subjects kept daily self record of dietary intake and the period of nausea/vomiting during 6 cycles. Using Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program, the degree of Calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat and fluid intakes according the chemotherapy period. The reseacher developed food intake rating scale, and then three dietitians analysed the oral intakes according to the type of foods. As the results of this study, during the chemotherapy cancer patients are intakes much fewer calorie, protein and fluids than recommended dietary allowance. Oral intake was worsen as treatment proceed. During the chemotherapy periods most of the patients choose fruits, vegitables, steam rice, porridge, yogurt and the beam soup to overcome nausea and vomiting. In order to promote oral intake for chemotherapy patients, the researcher strongly suggest that indiviual food preform should be considered.