• Title/Summary/Keyword: rank tests

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A Wilcoxon signed-rank test for random walk hypothesis based on slopes (기울기를 이용한 랜덤워크 윌콕슨 부호순위검정)

  • Kim, Tae Yoon;Park, Cheolyong;Kim, Seul Gee;Kim, Min Seok;Lee, Woo Jung;Kwon, Yunji
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.1499-1506
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    • 2014
  • Random walk is used for describing random phenomenon in various areas but tests for random walk developed so far are known to suffer from size distortion and low power. Kim et al. (2014) proposed a sign test for unit root (${\rho}=1$) hypothesis based on slopes. This article proposes a Wilcoxon signed rank test based on slopes for unit root hypothesis, and compares it with the augmented Dickey-Fuller test and the sign test by a simulation study. Our results confirm that the nonparametric tests are better than ADF test for small samples like n = 30. The results also show that the sign test is better than the Wilcoxon signed rank test and that for 0 < ${\rho}$ < 1 (-1 < ${\rho}$ < 0), the nonparametric tests suffer from power loss (improvement) as normal error changes to double exponential error.

The Representation of Cancer Risk by Korean Health Journalism: Comparing the Crude Rates of 10 Cancers to the Amount of Cancer News in the Three Major Newspapers(1990-2010) (10대암 조발생률과 신문 보도량의 비교: 3대 일간지 보도(1990년~2010년)를 중심으로)

  • Ju, Youngkee;Jeong, Da-Eun;You, Myoungsoon
    • Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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    • v.30 no.5
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    • pp.201-210
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    • 2013
  • Objectives: The public relies on the news media to understand health risks. To examine the surveillance function of Korean health journalism, this study compared the rank-order of the 10 most frequently diagnosed cancers with that of the 10 cancers most frequently covered by three major Korean newspapers. Methods: News stories published between 1999 and 2010 by the Chosun-Ilbo, Joong-Ang-Ilbo, and Dong-A-Ilbo were examined. Data on cancer incidence were collected using the epidemiological data published by a governmental public health institution. To compare the level of the crude rates and the amount of news coverage, rank-order correlation tests and regression analyses were employed. Results: A reduction in the rank-ordered correlation coefficient was observed despite an increase in the overall number of cancer news stories released. The significance of the correlation disappeared after 2006. The big difference of the rank order between the crude rate and the amount of news coverage was observed in the cancer of breast, uteri, thyroid, and gallbladder/biliary. Finally, the three newspapers did not follow the amount change in stomach, lung, liver, and uterine cervix cancer. The four cancers' rank orders of crude rate were lowering, signifying a reduction of the comparative dangerousness of the four cancers. Conclusions: The news media's customization of news content and the negative bias in journalism are suggested as possible influences on the news media's inaccurate representation of cancer risk.

Inter-Rater Reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale of Spasticity (경련성 (spasticity) 평가를 위한 Modified Ashworth Scale의 측정자간 신뢰도)

  • Yi, Chung-Hwi;Current, Marion E.
    • Physical Therapy Korea
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1994
  • This study was performed to determine the inter-rater reliability of manual tests of elbow, knee flexor, and ankle dorsiflexor muscle spasticity graded on the Modified Ashworth Scale. Two raters each independently graded the spasticity of 32 patients with intracranial lesions after moving the paretic limb passively through the available range of motion. The patients were asked to simultaneously squeeze therapeutic putty with their non-paretic hand for reinforcement. The ratings were compared by the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test and by the Kendall's coefficient of rank(tau) correlation. There was singificant correlation between two raters for spasticity at the elbow, knee flexor, and ankle dorsiflexor. The correlations of the two raters ranged from .6746 to .9308. The highest correlation was for the elbow with reinforcement and the lowest was for the knee without reinforcement. Poorer correlation was evident in the knee joint. The positive results of this study encourage the continued use of manual tests of muscle spasticity, using the Modified Ashworth Scale.

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Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire in the Sasang constitutional analysis tool (SCAT)

  • Lee, Jeongyun;Yim, Mi Hong;Kim, Jong Yeol
    • Integrative Medicine Research
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.136-140
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    • 2018
  • Background: The Sasang constitutional analysis tool (SCAT) is an integrated Sasang constitutional analysis system developed by the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a questionnaire for measuring personality and pathophysiological symptoms that is one of the components of the SCAT. Methods: In this study, data were collected from university students in their twenties. Tests were administered twice, with an interval of 4 weeks between tests. Test-retest data from 176 students were collected and used for analysis. Internal consistency reliability was analyzed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test-retest reliability was analyzed by using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.788 for personality, 0.511 for eating habits, 0.718 for digestion, 0.667 for heat- or cold-wise penchant, and 0.612 for water ingestion. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, which were used to assess correlations between test and retest results, ranged from 0.444 to 0.828. Conclusion: The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the SCAT questionnaire were found to be satisfactory.

The Statistical Approaches on the Change Point Problem Precipitation in the Pusan Area (부산지방 강수량의 변화시점에 관한 통계적 접근)

  • 박종길;석경하
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 1998
  • This paper alms to estimate the change point of the precipitation in Pusan area using the several statistical approaches. The data concerning rainfall are extracted from the annual climatological report and monthly weather report issued by the Korean Meteorological Administration. The average annual precipitation at Pusan is 1471.6 mm, with a standard deviation of 406.0 mm, less than the normal(1486.0 mm). The trend of the annual precipitation is continuously decreasing after 1991 as a change point. And the statistical tests such as t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test reveals that the average annual precipitation of after 1991 is less than that of before 1991 at 10% significance level. And the mean gnu성 precipitation In Kyongnam districts is also continuously decreasing after 1991 same as Pusan.

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Multivariate Nonparametric Tests for Grouped and Right Censored Data

  • Park Hyo-Il;Na Jong-Hwa;Hong Seungman
    • International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.53-64
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    • 2005
  • In this paper, we propose a nonparametric test procedure for the multivariate, grouped and right censored data for two sample problem. For the construction of the test statistic, we use the linear rank statistics for each component and apply the permutation principle for obtaining the null distribution. For the large sample case, the asymptotic distribution is derived under the null hypothesis with the additional assumption that two censoring distributions are also equal. Finally, we illustrate our procedure with an example and discuss some concluding remarks. In appendices, we derive the expression of the covariance matrix and prove the asymptotic distribution.

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An Empirical Study on Statistical Optimization Model for the Portfolio Construction of Sponsored Search Advertising(SSA) (키워드검색광고 포트폴리오 구성을 위한 통계적 최적화 모델에 대한 실증분석)

  • Yang, Hognkyu;Hong, Juneseok;Kim, Wooju
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.167-194
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    • 2019
  • This research starts from the four basic concepts of incentive incompatibility, limited information, myopia and decision variable which are confronted when making decisions in keyword bidding. In order to make these concept concrete, four framework approaches are designed as follows; Strategic approach for the incentive incompatibility, Statistical approach for the limited information, Alternative optimization for myopia, and New model approach for decision variable. The purpose of this research is to propose the statistical optimization model in constructing the portfolio of Sponsored Search Advertising (SSA) in the Sponsor's perspective through empirical tests which can be used in portfolio decision making. Previous research up to date formulates the CTR estimation model using CPC, Rank, Impression, CVR, etc., individually or collectively as the independent variables. However, many of the variables are not controllable in keyword bidding. Only CPC and Rank can be used as decision variables in the bidding system. Classical SSA model is designed on the basic assumption that the CPC is the decision variable and CTR is the response variable. However, this classical model has so many huddles in the estimation of CTR. The main problem is the uncertainty between CPC and Rank. In keyword bid, CPC is continuously fluctuating even at the same Rank. This uncertainty usually raises questions about the credibility of CTR, along with the practical management problems. Sponsors make decisions in keyword bids under the limited information, and the strategic portfolio approach based on statistical models is necessary. In order to solve the problem in Classical SSA model, the New SSA model frame is designed on the basic assumption that Rank is the decision variable. Rank is proposed as the best decision variable in predicting the CTR in many papers. Further, most of the search engine platforms provide the options and algorithms to make it possible to bid with Rank. Sponsors can participate in the keyword bidding with Rank. Therefore, this paper tries to test the validity of this new SSA model and the applicability to construct the optimal portfolio in keyword bidding. Research process is as follows; In order to perform the optimization analysis in constructing the keyword portfolio under the New SSA model, this study proposes the criteria for categorizing the keywords, selects the representing keywords for each category, shows the non-linearity relationship, screens the scenarios for CTR and CPC estimation, selects the best fit model through Goodness-of-Fit (GOF) test, formulates the optimization models, confirms the Spillover effects, and suggests the modified optimization model reflecting Spillover and some strategic recommendations. Tests of Optimization models using these CTR/CPC estimation models are empirically performed with the objective functions of (1) maximizing CTR (CTR optimization model) and of (2) maximizing expected profit reflecting CVR (namely, CVR optimization model). Both of the CTR and CVR optimization test result show that the suggested SSA model confirms the significant improvements and this model is valid in constructing the keyword portfolio using the CTR/CPC estimation models suggested in this study. However, one critical problem is found in the CVR optimization model. Important keywords are excluded from the keyword portfolio due to the myopia of the immediate low profit at present. In order to solve this problem, Markov Chain analysis is carried out and the concept of Core Transit Keyword (CTK) and Expected Opportunity Profit (EOP) are introduced. The Revised CVR Optimization model is proposed and is tested and shows validity in constructing the portfolio. Strategic guidelines and insights are as follows; Brand keywords are usually dominant in almost every aspects of CTR, CVR, the expected profit, etc. Now, it is found that the Generic keywords are the CTK and have the spillover potentials which might increase consumers awareness and lead them to Brand keyword. That's why the Generic keyword should be focused in the keyword bidding. The contribution of the thesis is to propose the novel SSA model based on Rank as decision variable, to propose to manage the keyword portfolio by categories according to the characteristics of keywords, to propose the statistical modelling and managing based on the Rank in constructing the keyword portfolio, and to perform empirical tests and propose a new strategic guidelines to focus on the CTK and to propose the modified CVR optimization objective function reflecting the spillover effect in stead of the previous expected profit models.

Metaheuristic models for the prediction of bearing capacity of pile foundation

  • Kumar, Manish;Biswas, Rahul;Kumar, Divesh Ranjan;T., Pradeep;Samui, Pijush
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.129-147
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    • 2022
  • The properties of soil are naturally highly variable and thus, to ensure proper safety and reliability, we need to test a large number of samples across the length and depth. In pile foundations, conducting field tests are highly expensive and the traditional empirical relations too have been proven to be poor in performance. The study proposes a state-of-art Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) hybridized Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS); and comparative analysis of metaheuristic models (ANN-PSO, ELM-PSO, ANFIS-PSO) for prediction of bearing capacity of pile foundation trained and tested on dataset of nearly 300 dynamic pile tests from the literature. A novel ensemble model of three hybrid models is constructed to combine and enhance the predictions of the individual models effectively. The authenticity of the dataset is confirmed using descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and sensitivity analysis. Ram weight and diameter of pile are found to be most influential input parameter. The comparative analysis reveals that ANFIS-PSO is the best performing model in testing phase (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 0.01) while ELM-PSO performs best in training phase (R2 = 0.88, RMSE = 0.08); while the ensemble provided overall best performance based on the rank score. The performance of ANN-PSO is least satisfactory compared to the other two models. The findings were confirmed using Taylor diagram, error matrix and uncertainty analysis. Based on the results ELM-PSO and ANFIS-PSO is proposed to be used for the prediction of bearing capacity of piles and ensemble learning method of joining the outputs of individual models should be encouraged. The study possesses the potential to assist geotechnical engineers in the design phase of civil engineering projects.

Nonparametric tests using optimal weights for umbrella alternatives in a randomized block design (확률화 블럭 계획법에서 최적 가중치를 이용한 우산형 대립가설의 비모수검정법)

  • 김동희;김영철
    • The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.139-152
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    • 1996
  • In this paper we propose nonparametric tests using optimal weights for umbrella alternatives in a randomized block design. We obtain the optimal weights by maximizing the asymptotic relative efficiency of the proposed test statistics with respect to Mack and Wolf(1981) type test statistic, and investigate asymptotic relative efficiencies of the proposed test statistics using these optimal weights relative to Mack and Wolfe type statistics and linear rank statistic. Throughout simulations for small samples, the proposed test statistic has good powers rather than the other two tests when the block sizes are different.

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Comparison of the Two in Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes - the Neutral Red (NR) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Tests (흰쥐의 배양 간세포를 이용한 세포독성시험에 있어서 뉴트랄레드 및 젖산 탈수소효소법의 비교)

  • Lee, Kyung-Tae;Seo, Seong-Hoon
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.365-369
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    • 1995
  • The acute cytotoxicities of chloroquine sulfate, propranolol, ascorbic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and acrylamide on cultured adult rat hepatocytes were evaluated by the use of LDH leakage and NR uptake test. On the basis of $IC_{50}$ values, the rank order of cytotoxicities of these drugs in both tests was chloroquine sulfate > propranolol > acetylsalicylic acid > ascorbic acid. The $IC_{50}$ of LDH test was very similar to that of NR uptake test. Thus, we concluded that both tests are reliable and sensitive methods in detecting toxicity in adult cultured rat hepatocytes.

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