• 한국안전학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.34-44
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• 1991

In this study, the general solution of heat balance equation including conductive heat loss were suggested and were determined the constants with the results of experiment in hot tunnel in order to derive the general equation for the response time and to investigate the response time index which represent the characteristics of response of sprinkler head in actual fires. Two types of test were considered, the plunge test, in which the air temperature is represented by a step function, and the ramp test, in which the air temperature increases at a constant rate. As a result, simple equations were derived, which can be predicted the response time for the ramp type fire with the rate of temperature rise and gas velocity, for the plunge type fire with temperature and gas velocity. Also other useful data, such as the effective temperature, time constant, response time index and conduction parameter were obtained.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2021

The objective of this paper is to study the deformation in a homogeneous isotropic thermoelastic solid using modified couple stress theory subjected to ramp-type thermal source with two temperature. The advantage of this theory is the involvement of only one material length scale parameter which can determine the size effects. Laplace and Fourier transform technique is applied to obtain the solutions of the governing equations. The components of displacement, conductive temperature, stress components and couple stress are obtained in the transformed domain. A numerical inversion technique has been used to obtain the solutions in the physical domain. The effect of two temperature is depicted graphically on the resulted quantities. Numerical results show that the proposed model can capture the size effects of microstructures.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.297-302
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the kinematic gait parameter of lower extremities with different gait conditions (level walking, stair, ramp) in hemiplegic patients. Methods: Ten hemiplegic patients participated in this study and kinematic data were measured using a 3D motion analysis system (LUKOtronic AS202, Lutz-kovacs-Electronics, Innsbruk, Austria). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measure of ANOVA in order to determine the difference of lower extremity angle at each gait phase with different gait conditions. Results: Affected degree of ankle joint in the heel strike phase showed significant difference between level walking and climbing stairs, and toe off phase showed significant difference between level walking and climbing stairs, ramps, and climbing stairs. Affected degree of knee joint showed no significant difference in all attempts. Affected degree of hip joint in the toe off phase showed significant difference between level walking, ramps and stairs, and climbing ramps. Swing phase showed significant difference between sides for level walking and stairs, climbing ramps. Affected ankle joint of heel strike and toe off, and affected hip joint of toe off and the maximum angle of swing phase in the angle was increased. Unaffected side of the ankle joint, knee joint, and hip joint showed a significant increase in walking phase. Conclusion: These findings indicate that compared with level walking, different results were obtained for joint angle of lower extremity when climbing stairs and ramps. In hemiplegia patient's climbing ramps, stairs, more movement was observed not only for the non-affected side but also the ankle joint of the affected side and hip joint. According to these findings of hemiplegic patients when climbing stairs or ramps, more joint motion was observed not only on the unaffected side but also on the affected side compared with flat walking.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2008

ALINEA는 램프의 하류부에 설치된 검지기를 이용하여 최적의 차량점유율 상태를 유지하도록 유입램프의 교통량을 조절하는 방안으로 검지기를 이용한 차량의 점유율을 제어 변수로 이용하고 있다. 하지만, 현재 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 루프제어기 점유율의 정확도가 비교적 낮다는 점과 점유율은 검지기 길이의 함수로서 ALINEA의 적용 시 설치 지점마다, 그리고 검지기 길이마다 최적 점유율 보정과정이 필요한 점을 감안할 때 현재 사용 중인 ALINEA를 보완할 필요가 있다. 관리자와 이용자 측면에서 점유율이 사실상 인지하기 어려운 변수임을 감안할 때 쉽고 간편한 변수의 사용을 통한 모형개발이 의미를 가질 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 ALINEA 알고리즘의 기본 개념을 이용하되 제어변수인 점유율을 이용할 때의 불편한 점 및 단점을 일부 개선시킬 수 있는 속도 변수를 이용하여 ALINEA 모델을 보완하고자 한다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2020

수소자동차용기에 높은 압력(70 MPa)의 수소를 빨리 완전 충전하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 그 이유는 줄-톰슨효과 등에 의해 발생하는 열로 인하여 용기내의 온도가 급속히 상승하기 때문이다. 미국의 SAE J2601, 일본의 JPEC-S 0003 같은 충전프로토콜이 제정되어 운영되고 있다. 그러나 이들 프로토콜에는 수많은 가정이 도입되어 내용이 너무 복잡하고 적용범위가 제한적이라는 문제가 있다. 이 연구는 완벽한 실시간 통신에 기반한 새로운 프로토콜을 개발하기 위해서 수행되었다. 이 연구에서는 수소충전 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 이용하여 압력상승률이 자동차용기내의 온도 및 압력 상승과 충전유속에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과 압력상승률 결정 시 우선 고려하여야 할 매개변수는 자동차 용기의 온도라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2006

본 논문은 띠 결점을 줄이기 위해 MJBNM(Modified Jointly Blue Noise Mask)의 임계값 변조를 이용한 멀티토닝 방법을 제안한다. 멀티토닝에서 띠 결점은 출력레벨 근처에서 동일한 도트 분포를 가지기 때문에 부드러운 계조 영역에서의 불연속성과 인간 시각에 거슬리는 패턴을 만든다. 따라서 이러한 띠 결점을 줄이기 위해, 제안한 방법은 결점이 발생하는 출력레벨 근처에서 이웃 도트들을 도입함으로써 도트 분포를 재배열한다. 먼저 수학적인 설명으로 띠 결점의 원인을 분석하고, 분석 결과를 바탕으로 채널간의 상관성과 색차를 고려한 MJBNM의 임계값 변조를 적용한다. 입력값에 따라 MJBNM의 최대, 최소 임계값이 각각 입력을 포함하는 이웃한 두 출력레벨보다 두 화소를 더 포함하도록 초기 임계값 범위를 선형적으로 조정한다. 이 입력이 띠 결점이 발생하는 출력레벨 근방에 위치할 경우, 출력은 도트 분포와 패턴을 결정하는 임계값 변조 인수에 따라 화소 대 화소의 비교로 이웃 출력레벨 중의 하나의 값으로 결정된다. 이 때 조정된 임계값이 두 출력레벨과 최대, 최소 임계값 사이에 존재하면 그 위치에 이웃 도트들을 찍어서 띠 결점을 줄이게 된다. 그렇지 않은 경우, 일반적인 멀티토닝 기법이 적용된다. 그 결과 제안한 방법이 효과적으로 출력레벨 근처에서의 띠 결점을 줄일 수 있었다. 결과 평가는 gray ramp 영상에서 명암도에 따른 HVS-WRMSE 비교와 color ramp 영상에서의 S-CIELAB 색차를 비교하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2000

Lots of semi-active control devices have been developed in recent years because they have the best features of passive and active system. Especially, controllable magneto-rheological(MR) fluid devices have received significant attention in these area of research. The MR fluid is the material that reversibly changes from a free-flowing, linear viscous fluid to a semisolid with a controllable yield strength in milliseconds when exposed to a magnetic field. If the magnetic field is induced by moving a permanent magnet instead of applying current to a solenoid, it is possible to design a MR damper consuming low power because the power consumption is reduced at steady state. This paper proposes valve mode MR damper using permanent magnetic circuit that has wide range of operation with low power consumption, a design parameter is adopted. The magnetic circuit, material of choke and choke type are selected experimentally with the design parameter. The behaviors of the damper are examined and torque tracking control using PID feedback controller is performed for step, ramp and sinusoidal trajectiories.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.433-439
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• 2000

Lots of semi-active control devices have been developed in recent years because they have the best features of passive and active system. Especially, controllable magneto-rheological(MR) fluid devices have received significant attention in these area of research. The MR fluid is the material that reversibly changes from a free-flowing, linear viscous fluid to a semisolid with a controllable yield strength in milliseconds when exposed to a magnetic field. If the magnetic field is induced by moving a permanent magnet instead of applying current to a solenoid, it is possible to design a MR damper consuming low power because the power consumption is reduced at steady state. This paper proposes valve mode MR damper using permanent magnetic circuit that has wide range of operation with low power consumption and small size. To design a MR damper that has a large maximum dissipating torque and a low damping coefficient, a design parameter is adopted. The magnetic circuit, material of choke and choke type are selected experimentally with the design parameter. The behaviors of the damper are examined and torque tracking control using PID feedback controller is performed for step, ramp and sinusoidal trajectories.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.936-941
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• 2004

An Optimal Feedforward Integral Variable Structure or FIVSC approach for an electrohydraulic position servo control system is presented in this paper. The FIVSC algorithm combines feedforward strategy and integral in the conventional Variable Structure Control (VSC) and calculating the control function to guarantee the existence of a sliding mode. Furthermore, the chattering in the control signal is suppressed by replacing the sign function in the control function with a smoothing function. The simulation results illustrate that the purposed approach gives a significant improvement on the tracking performances when compared with some existing control methods, like the IVSC and MIVSC strategies. Simulation results illustrate that the purposed approach can achieve a zero steady state error for ramp input and has an optimal motion with respect to a quadratic performance index. Moreover, Its can achieve accurate servo tracking in the presence of plant parameter variation and external load disturbances.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1991년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부
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• pp.370-373
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• 1991

This paper considers the linear multivariable model following servo system synthesis method in which linear optimal regulator problem is used to design controllers that make the response of the plant should be kept close to a specified ideal response of the model. The characteristics of this system is that the constructed system is robust in the presence of the constant disturbances or the parameter perturbations of the plant. Especially, the steady state offset is excluded for the ramp response of the model by direct feedforward compensator from the reference input.