• Title/Summary/Keyword: rahmen

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Seismic Response of Spatial Structure Subjected to Multi-Support Earthquake Load (다중지점 지진하중을 고려한 대공간구조물의 지진응답 분석)

  • Kim, Gee Cheol;Kang, Joo Won
    • Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.399-407
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    • 2013
  • Spatial structures have the different dynamic characteristics from general rahmen structures. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately analyze dynamic characteristics and seismic response for seismic design of spatial structure. Keel arch structure is used as an example structure because it has primary characteristics of spatial structures. In case of spatial structures with different ground condition and time lag, multiple support excitation may be subjected to supports of a keel arch structure. In this study, the response of the keel arch structure under multiple support excitation and with time lag are analyzed by means of the pseudo excitation method. Pseudo excitation method shows that the structural response is divided into two parts, ground displacement and structural dynamic response due to ground motion excitation. It is known that the seismic responses of spatial structure under multiple support excitation are different from those of spatial structure under simple excitation. And the seismic response of spatial structure with time lag are different from those of spatial structure without time lag. Therefore, it has to be necessary to analyze the seismic response of spatial structure under multiple support excitation and time lag because the spatial structure supports may be different and very long span. It is shown that the seismic response of spatial structure under multiple support seismic excitation are different from those of spatial structure under unique excitation.

Behandlung von Minderj$\ddot{a}$hrigen und Bluttransfusionsverweigerung durch die Eltern (미성년자에 대한 의료행위와 부모의 권한 - 종교상의 신념에 기한 수혈거부를 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Min-Joong
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.217-261
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    • 2012
  • Die Zeugen Jehovas lehnen Bluttransfusionen ab. Wiederholt haben Todesf$\ddot{a}$lle unter Jehovas Zeugen, die mit der Ablehnung von Bluttransfusionen in Verbindung gebracht werden, in den Medien f$\ddot{u}$r Aufsehen gesorgt, da die Zeugen Jehovas die $\ddot{U}$bertragung von fremdem Blut aus religi$\ddot{o}$sen Gr$\ddot{u}$nden entschieden ablehnen. Medizinische Behandlungen, auch Bluttransfusionen bed$\ddot{u}$rfen grunds$\ddot{a}$tzlich der Einwilligung des Patienten. Wenn sich ein Zeuge Jehovas gegen eine Transfusion entscheidet, ist dies zu respektieren. Ist ein erwachsener Patient Mitglied der Zeugen Jehovas und tr$\ddot{a}$gt dieser eine Patientenverf$\ddot{u}$gung bei sich, die eine Bluttransfusion ablehnt, weil es dadurch zu einer "Zerst$\ddot{o}$rung der Pers$\ddot{o}$nlichkeit" des Menschen aus religi$\ddot{o}$sen Gr$\ddot{u}$nden komme, so ist auch diese Verf$\ddot{u}$gung verbindlich, sofern sie ernsthaft ist. Bei Minderj$\ddot{a}$hrigen ist die Einwilligungsf$\ddot{a}$higkeit durch den Gesetzgeber bislang nicht geregelt. Minderj$\ddot{a}$hrige k$\ddot{o}$nnen grunds$\ddot{a}$tzlich selbst zustimmen, wenn sie ihrer geistigen und sittlichen Reife nach einsichtsf$\ddot{a}$hig sind. Bei Jugendlichen ab dem 16. Lebensjahr muss der Arzt ermitteln, wie einsichtsf$\ddot{a}$hig sie sind und inwiefern sie selbst in die medizinische Behandlung einwilligen k$\ddot{o}$nnen. Einwilligung kann aber nicht eingeholt werden, wenn der Patient einwilligungsunf$\ddot{a}$hig ist. Bei Kindern bis zum 16. Lebensjahr ersetzt die Einwilligung der Eltern in die medizinische Behandlung die Einwilligung der Kinder. Ob die Entscheidungen der Eltern $\ddot{u}$ber ihre unm$\ddot{u}$ndigen Kinder im Fall lebensbedrohlicher Krankheitsverl$\ddot{a}$ufe von den behandelnden $\ddot{A}$rzten akzeptiert werden m$\ddot{u}$ssen, ist umstritten. Die Ablehnung einer Bluttransfusion f$\ddot{u}$r ein transfusionsbed$\ddot{u}$rftiges Kind w$\ddot{a}$re eine Kindeswohlgef$\ddot{a}$hrdung. Bei Kindern ist der Weg $\ddot{u}$ber die $\ddot{U}$bernahme des Sorgerechts durch das Gericht unvermeidlich, falls die Eltern auf der Ablehnung einer lebensnotwendigen Transfusion beharren. Im Rahmen der objektiven Interessenabw$\ddot{a}$gung ist der Grundsatz "in dubio pro vita" zu beachten. Bei erheblicher unmittelbarer Gefahr ist allerdings ein direktes Eingreifen n$\ddot{o}$tig.

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Rechtliche Probleme $\ddot{u}$ber die Patienten im Arztvertarg (의료계약의 당사자로서의 "환자"와 관련한 문제에 대한 검토)

  • Kim, Min-Joong
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.253-286
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    • 2009
  • Die $\ddot{a}$mrztliche Behandlung des Patienten durch den Arzt geschieht im Rahmen eines Rechtsverh$\ddot{a}$ltnisses. Das Arzt-Patienten-Rechtsverh$\ddot{a}$ltnis stellt regelm$\ddot{a}$ssig der Arztvertrag oder Behandlungsvertrag dar. Arzt und Patient schliessen einen Arztvertrag ab. Grunds$\ddot{a}$tzlich verbindet der Arztvertrag die Partner pers$\ddot{o}$nlich. Aber minderj$\ddot{a}$hrige Patienten sind gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsunf$\ddot{a}$hig oder in der Gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsf$\ddot{a}$higkeit beschr$\ddot{a}$nkt. Minderj$\ddot{a}$hrige Patienten verm$\ddot{o}$gen also allein grunds$\ddot{a}$tzlich keine wirksamen Willenserkl$\ddot{a}$rungen abzugeben und somit keine wirksamen Arztvertr$\ddot{a}$ge zu schliessen. Arztvertr$\ddot{a}$ge von minderj$\ddot{a}$hrigen Patienten sind nur bei Einwilligung der gesetzlichen Vertreter wirksam. Vom Abschluss des Arztvertrags ist deutlich die Einwilligung zur Behandlung zu unterscheiden. Die Einwilligung ist kein Rechtsgesch$\ddot{a}$ft. Die Einwilligung durch die Eltern erfolgt nur solange der minderj$\ddot{a}$hrige Patient nicht reif genug ist, die Entscheidung selbst zu treffen. Jugendlicher Patient ist z.B. in der Lage, die Einwilligung selbst zu geben, sofern er Wesen, Bedeutung und Tragweite der Behandlung zu verstehen vermag. Der Vorschriften des KBGB zur Gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsf$\ddot{u}$hrung ohne Auftrag gelten, wenn der Arzt einen Bewusstlosen versorgt. Nach $\S$734 KBGB erfolgt die Gesch$\ddot{a}$ftsf$\ddot{u}$hrung ohne Auftrag dann zu Recht, wenn sie dem Interesse und dem wirklichen oder mutmasslichen Willen des Patienten entspricht. Der Patient kann aus einem Ausland stammen. F$\ddot{u}$r ausl$\ddot{a}$ndische Patienten gilt generell das koreanische Recht. Grunds$\ddot{a}$tzlich sollte man einen des Koreanischen nicht m$\ddot{a}$chtigen Ausl$\ddot{a}$nder nach M$\ddot{o}$glichkeit in seiner Sprache aufkl$\ddot{a}$ren und dann den Arztvertrag abschliessen. Aufgrund der Privatautonomie kann jeder Patient frei entscheiden, ob, mit wem und wor$\ddot{u}$ber er einen Arztvertrag abschliesst. Deswegen ist auch der Wille des Anh$\ddot{a}$ngers vom Sekten und abweichenden Lebensauffassung grunds$\ddot{a}$tzlich zu ber$\ddot{u}$cksichtigen. Zum Beispiel handelt der Zeuge Jehovas auf eigene Gefahr, wenn er eine notwendige Behandlung ablehnt. Aber die Freiheit, eine gebotene Behandlung abzulehnen, kann in Konflikt mit dem Schutz des minderj$\ddot{a}$hrigen Patienten gelangen. Sobald die sektiererische oder abweichende Haltung droht, einen minderj$\ddot{a}$hrigen Patienten zu gef$\ddot{a}$hrden, hat das elterliche Sorgerecht einzuschr$\ddot{a}$nken.

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Development of Form to Improve the Productivity of PC Structure Connections -Focused on Apartment Buildings- (PC구조 접합부공사의 생산성 향상을 위한 거푸집 개발 -공동주택을 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Seon-Hyung;Lee, Won-Suk;Kim, Sun-Kuk;Lee, Dong-Hoon
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.10 no.5
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    • pp.11-20
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    • 2010
  • With the amendment to the Building Act in November of 2005 that offered incentives in terms of floor area ratio and number of stories to apartment buildings adopting the Rahmen structure to facilitate remodeling, the construction industry is paying more attention to PC structures. As connections between PC columns and beams require complex design, it is very difficult to install and remove forms. Since forms made of plywood for such connections are fabricated and installed on site, a significant amount of labor is required, and constructability is low. Furthermore, after concrete casting, the forms are removed in a state in which they cannot be recycled, which leads to a significant amount of construction waste. For this reason, a solution to address such issues needs to be studied. However, many researchers have focused only on the structural performance of PC structures in Korea and elsewhere, ignoring the need for research on the forms used in building PC structure connections. Therefore, this research aims to develop a form that can improve the productivity of PC structure connection construction, and compare it with conventional forms to highlight its contribution to gains in productivity and economic viability.

A Study on the Characteristics of Dynamic Behaviors for Continuous PSC Girder Bridges with Integral Pier Cap (교각일체형 연속 PSC 거더교의 동적거동 특성 연구)

  • Jeong, Young Do;Koo, Min Se;Yi, Seong Tae;Kim, Hee Sung
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.94-105
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    • 2013
  • Recently, the construction industry has been changed in such a way that the cost for bridge construction should be optimized or reduced. Therefore, bridges are required be cost-effective in terms of initial construction as well as in the maintenance during service stage. In order to reduce the cost for bridge construction, the Rahmen typed structure, in which the bridge components from superstructure to substructure are integral, has many advantages to reduce the size of structural members including girders, since the loadings from superstructure may be transferred to substructure through the connecting rebars such as stud, etc. This paper studied on the continuous Up and Down Prestressed Concrete (UD PSC) girder bridge in which the reinforced concrete pier cap is integral with the part of girders in superstructure. In previous studies, it is known that the structural behavior of continuous UD PSC girder bridge is quite different compared to the one of the bridges with conventional bearings or shoes to support the loading from girders. Nevertheless, it has hardly been studied about the structural behavior of bridge with UD PSC girder. Therefore, in this study, various dynamic behaviors of continuous UD PSC girder bridge with integral pier cap have been analyzed using numerical method. Furthermore, an equation to evaluate the impact factor is suggested for the UD PSC girder bridge which has two to three continuous spans.

A Case Study on CO2 Uptake of Concrete owing to Carbonation (콘크리트 탄산화에 의한 CO2 포집량 평가의 사례연구)

  • Yang, Keun-Hyeok;Kim, Sang-Chel
    • Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.42-48
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    • 2013
  • The present study assessed the amount of $CO_2$ uptake owing to concrete carbonation through a case study for an apartment building with a principal wall system and an office building with Rahmen system under different exposed environments during use phase and recycling application. The $CO_2$ uptake assessment owing to concrete carbonation followed the procedure established by Yang et al. As input data necessary for the case study, actual surveys conducted in 2012 in Korea, which included data about the climate environments, $CO_2$ concentration, lifecycle inventory database, life expectancy of structures, and recycling activity scenario, were used. From the comparisons with the $CO_2$ emissions from concrete production, the $CO_2$ uptake during the lifetime of structures was estimated to be 5.5~5.7% and that during recycling activity after demolition was 10~12%; as a result, the amount of $CO_2$ uptake owing to concrete carbonation can be estimated to be 15.5~17% of the $CO_2$ emissions from concrete production, which roughly corresponds to 18-21% of the $CO_2$emissions from cement production as well.

A Case Study on Explosives Demolition of the Dongdaemoon Complex Stadium(Baseball field) in Republic of Korea (동대문 운동장(야구장) 발파해체 시험시공 사례)

  • Min, Hyung-Dong;Park, Jong-Ho;Song, Young-Suk;Seo, Young-Su;Kim, Rea-Hoe;Jung, Byeong-Ho
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.23-37
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    • 2008
  • The Dongdaemoon complex stadium is scheduled to remodelled into an international park, which will be named Design Plaza. The Dongdaemoon baseball field was constructed with Rahmen Structure which comprised beams, slabs and columns. In order to assure for viewing, the stadium was composed unusual structure that the height of the front column and the back column was designed differently. The bleachers was an upper arch form for viewing. The slab was not flat unliked the general infrastructure and tilted in stairway type for viewing. If we had applied the mechanical demolition method, we could have predicted several problems. Firstly, the stand could be unstable when the heavy equipment was to crush the reinforced concrete on the slab. Because the slab was not flat. Secondly, the construction expense and construction duration could be increase when the large equipment was to crush the reinforced concrete on the ground. Because the height of the stand was too high to crush on the ground so it needed to build a filling. Thus, we applied both the mechanical demolition method and explosives demolition method at the design stage. The result of explosives demolition was of complete success in terms of structural movement and controlled blasting noise and vibration. This case study provided a good example for a successful application of explosives demolition in urban areas.

A Scheduling Method Of Dismantling Work Considering Specific Condition Of Remodeling Project - Focused on Old Aged Apartment House with Wall-Slab Structure - (리모델링의 특성을 반영한 철거공사의 공정계획 수립방안 - 벽식구조 노후 공동주택을 대상으로 -)

  • Kang, Sa-Yil;Hwang, Young-Kyu;Kim, Kyung-Rai
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.104-115
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    • 2008
  • Currently, reconstruction and remodeling are conducted to improve the performance of aged housing. Recently reconstruction has caused many problems such as wastes generation, wasting resources and real estate speculation, remodeling is drawing attention. Accordingly, remodeling business for aged housings gradually increasing, but the use of scheduling method not considering characteristics of remodeling deters construction in some construction types. Especially, in case of dismantling construction, the dismantling is delayed since the scheduling method not considering characteristics of remodeling is used. In case of remodeling, dismantling construction is ahead of other processes, if the dismantling construction is delayed, whole construction will be delayed and if speedy construction is conducted, the costs for remodeling will increase. Furthermore, existing remodeling for aged housing has been for rahmen(crossbeam and pillar) structure apartments, but since most apartments to be remodeled are wall-slab structure where dismantling takes a lot of weight, it is highly possible the dismantling construction is delayed. Thus, this paper is to establish scheduling method for the dismantling construction reflecting characteristic of remodeling to prevent delay of dismantling construction for remodeling of aged housing with wall-slab structure.

Satzmodelle im Koreanischen und Deutschen im Hinblick auf ihre didaktische Verwertbarkeit ($\cdot$독 문형의 비료설정 시론)

  • Min Chun-Gi
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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    • v.7
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    • pp.85-104
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    • 2003
  • In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die deutschen Satzmodelle $f\"{u}r$ Zwecke des DaF-Unterrichts in Korea untersucht. Dabei gehen wir davon aus, dass man die deutschen Satzmodelle vergleichend mit den koreanischen neu aufbauen sollte, um sie im Deutschunterricht fur Koraner recht benutzen zu konnen. Dafur haben wir hier zunachst untersucht, wie man die koreanischen Satzmodelle im Hinblick auf den didaktischen Zweck modifizieren muss. Unter $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ des dabei erzielten Ergebnisses wurden $anschlie{\ss}end$end die deutschen Satzmodelle rekonstruiert. Im Koreanischen wurden die Satzmodelle ab Ende der 1960er Jahre verschiedenartig untersucht. Zwar gibt es bisher noch keine Arbeit, die Ergebnisse dieser Forschungen zusammenfasst, dennoch versuchen wir hier aus einigen bisherigen Untersuchungen einen begrenzten Rahmen von koreanischen Satzmodellen herauszufinden. Als Resultat haben wir funf grundlegende Satzmolle hergestellt: (1) Subjekt + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (2) Subjekt + $Pr\"{a}dikativ$ + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (3) Subjekt + Objektiv + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (4) Subjekt + Adverbiale + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (5) Subjekt + Obj. + Obj./$Pr\"{a}dikativ$/Advb. + $Pr\"{a}dikat$. Das Modell (1) $umfa{\ss}t$ drei $Pr\"{a}dikate$, die sich nach den Wortarten unterscheiden: (intransitives) Verb, Adjektiv und Substantiv. Auch beim Fall (5) $k\"{o}nnen$ drei verschiedene Untermodelle nach der $Kombinationsm\"{o}glichkeit$ auftreten: Sub + Obj. + $Pr\"{a}d$., Sub. + Obj. + $Pr\"{a}dikativ$ + $Pr\"{a}d$., Sub. + Obj. + Advb. + $Pr\"{a}d$. Auch im Deutschen kann man ahnlich wie im Koreanischen didaktisch geeignete Satzmodelle herausarbeiten. Auch dabei wurden bisherige Untersuchungen zu den deutschen Satzmodellen herangewgen. Zu der $d\"{a}fur$ $ausgew\"{a}hlten$ Terminologie $geh\"{o}ren$ Subjekt(S), $Pr\"{a}dikat(P)$, $Pr\"{a}dkativerganzung(PE)$, $Objekterg\"{a}nzung(OE)$, $Adverbialerg\"{a}nzung(AE)$. In der deutschen Sprache werden nach den $Valenzm\"{o}glich­keiten$ des $Pr\"{a}dikativteils$ folgende Modelle unterschieden: S + P, S + P + PE, S + P + OE, S + P + AE, S + P + OE + OE/PE/AE. Unter die OE werden okk. OE, dat. OE, $pr\"{a}d$. OE, refl. OE usw. subsumiert. Um die Stichhaltigkeit der in dieser Schrift neu festgestellten Satzmodelle zu $\"{u}berpr\"{u}fen$, sollten sie anhand eines Textkorpus heutiger Texte in weiteren Untersuchungen validiert werden. Ferner ist es zu empfehlen, die Anwendbarkeit der hier vorgestellten Satzrnodelle im Deutschunterricht $f\"{u}r$ Koreaner $gr\"{u}ndlich$ zu testen

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A Feasibility Study of Green Frame(GF) for the Implementation of Low-carbon Emissions & Long-life Housing (저탄소 및 장수명 공동주택 구현을 위한 Green Frame(GF)의 타당성 분석)

  • Hong, Won-Kee;Kim, Sun-Kuk;Kim, Hyung-Geun;Yoon, Tae-Ho;Yune, Dai-Young;Kim, Seung-Il
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.57-63
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    • 2010
  • The bearing wall apartments which occupy the majority of multi-residential apartment buildings built in Korea, are known for having limited architectural plan flexibility, posing challenges in terms of maintenance and remodeling. The economic losses and environmental issues resulting from the reconstruction of bearing wall apartments are now accumulating to the extent that they are becoming a national concern. Multi-residential apartment buildings, which are now the dominant form of residence in Korea, must accommodate diverse customer needs and changes in life style. A new concept of Rahmen structure with architectural flexibility is Green Frame. GF multi-residence housing is expected to reduce construction costs and shorten the construction schedule by overcoming the shortcomings of conventional bearing wall apartments. This goal is consistent with the national policies that target the reduction of resource and energy consumption. In addition, GF will be established as a core contributor to achieving a reduction in $CO_2$ emissions, which will enable the sustainable growth of domestic construction industry, and address the low-carbon green growth drive implemented by the government.