• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.535-539
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• 2003

The EtOAc soluble fraction from the stem of Sorghum bicolor showed a strong free radical scavenging activity. Five major compounds were isolated from this fraction. They were identified by spectral data as methyl ferulate (1), methyl p-hydroxycinnamate (2), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), tricin (4), and quercetin 3,4 -dimethyl ether (5). Among these compounds, 1 exhibited a strong, free radical scavenging activity on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with an $IC_50$ value of 0.7 $\mu$M. We further studied the effects of these isolated compounds on the lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by non-enzymatic method. All five compounds showed anti-lipid peroxidation activity ($IC_50$ values of 0.5, 0.4, 0.3 and 0.3 $\mu$ M, respectively).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.300-305
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• 2002

The EtOAc and n-BuOH soluble fractions from the aerial part of Setaria viridis showed a strong free radical scavenging activity. Six major compounds were isolated from these fractions. They were identified by spectral data as tricin (1), p-hydroxycinnamic acid (2), vitexin 2"-Ο-xyloside (3), orientin 2"-Ο-xyloside (4), $tricin-7-Ο-{\beta}-D-glucoside$ (5) and vitexin 2"-Ο-glucoside (6). Among these compounds, 4 and 5 exhibited strong free radical scavenging activities on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). We further studied the effects of these isolated compounds on the lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by non-enzymatic method. As expected, 4 and 5 exhibited significant inhibition on $ascorbic/Fe^{2-}$ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes.ver microsomes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 1999

The effects of scald bum Injury ($40-45\%$ of total body surface area), there were not inhalation and secondary infection, on the histological changes and the levels of oxygen free radical generating and scavenging enzymes have been determined in liver tissue of rat models. It was found that dermal epithelium was left out with edema of dermis layer and hydorpic swelling of hepatocytes, Burn injury increased liver weight (L.W./B.W.) and serum aspartate aminotransferase content (pThe data of this study suggest that liver damage Induced by scald burn injury leads to dysbalance of oxygen free radical generating and scavenging enzymes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1908-1914
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• 2013

In the present study, the levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as activities of radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity) and anti-obesity were assessed with cold water (CLC), hot water (CLH), and methanolic (CLM) extracts of Curcuma longa L. (turmeric). Our results showed that the phenolic compounds of CLC, CLH and CLM were $3.68{\pm}0.80%$, $3.94{\pm}0.74%$ and $9.01{\pm}0.73%$, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the CLM were significantly higher than that of the water extracts (CLC and CLH). During the adipocyte differentiation, the treatment of CLM more significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells than that of the water extracts. These results indicate that the stimulation of radical scavenging potential and the inhibition of adipogenesis were brought on by the lipophilic compounds of turmeric.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2012

Reactive oxygen species play critical role in kidney damage. Free radical-scavenging activities of Panax ginseng are known to be increased by heat-processing. The structural change of ginsenoside and the generation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are closely related to the increased free radical-scavenging activities. In the present study, we have demonstrated the Maillard reaction model experiment using ginsenoside Re and glycine mixture to identify the renoprotective effect of MRPs from ginseng or ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Re was transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely Rg2, Rg6 and F4 by heat-processing. The free radical-scavenging activity of ginsenoside Re-glycine mixture was increased in a temperature-dependant manner by heatprocessing. The improved free radical-scavenging activity by heat-processing was mediated by the generation of antioxidant MRPs which led to the protection of LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells from oxidative stress. Although the free radical scavenging activities of less-polar ginsenosides were weak, they could protect LLC-PK1 cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, MRPs and less-polar ginsenosides contributed to the combined renoprotective effects against oxidative renal damage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2008

This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of fucoidan against AAPH-induced oxidative stress in LLC-PK1 cells (porcine kidney epithelial cells). Oxidative stress was induced by exposing of LLC-PK1 cells to the 1 mM 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino propane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) for 24 hr. Exposure of LLC-PK1 cells to 1 mM AAPH for 24 hr resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cell viability, but fucoidan treatment protected LLC-PK1 cells from AAPH-induced cell damage in a dose dependant manner. To investigate the protective action of fucoidan against AAPH-induced damage of LLC-PK1 cells, we measured the effects of fucoidan on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activities of AAPH treated cells as well as scavenging activities on superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical. Fucoidan had protective effect against the AAPH-induced LLC-PK1 cellular damage and decreased lipid peroxidation and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px). Furthermore, fucoidan showed strong scavenging activity against superoxide anion radical. The $IC_{50}$ value of fucoidan was $48.37{\pm}1.54\;{\mu}g/mL$ for superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. The fucoidan also had high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}=32.03\;{\mu}g/mL$). These results indicate that fucoidan protects against AAPH-induced LLC-PK1 cell damage by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and scavenging offree radicals.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.195-203
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• 2013

In this study, antioxidative effects of the extracts of different species and flowering periods of Inula britannica were investigated. According to the free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity of the extracts, The I. britannica var. chinensis flower extract (500 ${\mu}g/mL$) was measured in a 79.89% free radical scavenging activity, but the flower extracts of similar species (I. britannica var. linariaefolia Regel, I. britannica var. ramosa, I. salicina var. asiatica) did not show any effect on the free radical scavenging activity. The effects of the free radical scavenging activity of I. britannica var. chinensis flower extracts were exhibited in the order of full bloom (93.68%), bud (43.28%), and fallen blossom (14.11%). Next, we established optimum condition of extract solvent, temperature, extraction time. The extract from ethanol at $60^{\circ}C$ showed the most free radical scavenging activity among other conditions and extraction time not relevant in free radical scavenging activity. The protective effects of the extract of I. britannica var. chinensis flower on the photohemolysis of human erythrocytes by using rose bengal were increased in a concentration-dependent manner (5 ~ 50 ${\mu}g/mL$). In particular, the extract in 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration exhibited better protective activity (${\tau}_{50}$ = 116.1 min) than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}$ = 73.44 min), which is a known lipophilic antioxidant. Principle component of I. britannica var. chinensis flower was identified as quercetin of flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These results indicate that the extract of I. britannica var. chinensis flower can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging free radical and $^1O_2$, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. It is concluded that the antioxidative effects of the extract of I. britannica var. chinensis flower could be applicable to functional cosmetics.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.49-57
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• 1990

It has been well known that extended exposure to reactive oxygens causes severe damage to susceptible biomolecules. In this study, the effects of flavonoids including trifling and kaempferol from Ginseng leaves on single oxygen induced photohemolysis of erythrocytes and free radical scavenging activities were investigated . Each flavonoid aglycone (5-50UM) such as kaempferol, quercetin or baicalein exhibited a high protective effect against the photohemolysis. They protected the cells by scavenging 102 and free radicals. Although the free radical scavenging activities of the flavonoid glycosides were not much lower than those of their corresponding aglycones, their insolubility into lipid bilayers of membrane made them less effective in preventing the photohemolysis induced by 1O2. The 102 and free radical scavenging activities of flavonoids were estimated by the decomposition of the flavonoid by 1O2 and the bleaching of free radicals by the flavonoid, respectively. The solubilization of the flavonoid into micelle or erythrocytes was deduced from spectrophotometric and microscopic observations. The cooperation of L-ascorbic acid and a flavonoid, and a possible involvement of lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase in the photohemolysis mechanism were discussed. Keywords Panax ginseng C.A Meyer, ginseng leaves, flavonoids, singe1 oxygen, Photohemolysis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 1990

It has been well known that extended exposure to reactive oxygens causes severe damage to susceptible biomolecules. In this study, the effects of flavonoids including trifolin and kaempferol from Ginseng leaves on singlet oxygen induced photohemolysis of erythrocytes and free radical scavenging activities were investigated. Each flavonoid aglycone (5-50$\mu$M) such as kaempferol, quercetin or baicalein exhibited a high protective effect against the photohemolysis. They protected the cells by scavenging $^1O_2$ and free radicals Although the free radical scavenging activities of the flavonoid glycosides were not much lower than those of their corresponding aglycones, their insolubility into lipid bilayers of membrane made them less effective in preventing the photohemolysis induced by $^1O_2$. The $^1O_2$ and free radical scavenging activities of flavonoids were estimated by the decomposition of the flavonoid by $^1O_2$ and the bleaching of free radicals by the flavonoid, respectively. The solubilization of the flavonoid into micells or erythrocytes was deduced from spectrophotometric and microscopic observations. The cooperation of L-ascorbic acid and a flavonoid, and a possible involvement of lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase in the photohemolysis mechanism were discussed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.529-533
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• 2005

In the course of searching for hepatoprotective agents from natural products, six compounds were isolated from the MeOH extract of the leaves of Juglans sinensis, as guid ed by their DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The structures were determined as juglanoside B (1), quercetin 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-arabinofuranoside (avicularin, 2), quercetin 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-arabinopyranoside (guaijaverin,3), quercetin 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (quercitrin,4), (+)-catechin (5) and quercetin 3-O-${\beta}$- D-galactopyranoside (hyperin,6). Compounds 2-6 showed significant DPPH free radical scavenging effects. An evaluation for the hepatoprotective activity of the isolated compounds on drug-induced cytotoxicity was conducted, and compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed protective effects against nitrofurantoin-induced cytotoxicity, and compound 5 also exhibited a moderate protective effect on amiodarone-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells.