• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate into the dyeability of ramie fabrics using the extract of native plant, red-dye madder (Rubia akane Nakai) in different conditions. Surface color of ramie fabrics dyed with extracts from red-dye madder plants showed an order of descent YR. However, it was changed by the different mordants. Surface color of ramie fabrics treated with FeSO$_4$, SnCl$_4$, and tartaric acid was an order of descent Y, and that treated with the ashes of common camellia, and bean straw was an order of descent R. At higher temperatures, surface color and coloring matter concentration of ramie fabrics were as follows that values of a increased, however, values of b decreased and values of L lowered. Coloring matter concentration increased in the order of 7$0^{\circ}C$, 9$0^{\circ}C$, and 6$0^{\circ}C$, and so on. Dyeing colors on the ramie fabrics showed an order of descent Y by pH 4 and 9 in dyestuffs solutions. Coloring matter concentration in terms of K/S values, more or less, was increased at strong acids. Surface color by the concentration of dyestuffs solutions showed an order of descent YR irrelevant to the concentration of dyestuffs solutions. Coloring matter concentration was increased at higher concentrations of dyestuffs solutions. Ten minutes was sufficient for the dyeing of ramie fabrics in terms of surface color and coloring matter concentration.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.567-582
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• 2024

A total coloring of a graph G is an assignment of colors to the elements of a graphs G such that no adjacent vertices and edges receive the same color. The total chromatic number of a graph G , denoted by χ''(G), is the minimum number of colors that suffice in a total coloring. In this paper, we proved the Behzad and Vizing conjecture for certain convex polytope graphs D^p_n, Q^p_n, R^p_n, E_n, S_n, G_n, T_n, U_n, C_n,respectively. This significant result in a graph G contributes to the advancement of graph theory and combinatorics by further confirming the conjecture's applicability to specific classes of graphs. The presented proof of the Behzad and Vizing conjecture for certain convex polytope graphs not only provides theoretical insights into the structural properties of graphs but also has practical implications. Overall, this paper contributes to the advancement of graph theory and combinatorics by confirming the validity of the Behzad and Vizing conjecture in a graph G and establishing its relevance to applied problems in sciences and engineering.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.109-130
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• 2009

This study examines the rotor characteristics of Guybang culture (women's living in Joseon) relics which the life images and mental world of women in Joseon if expressed to prepare rotor data to be utilized in modern design and information for color identity establishment of Korean women culture. The result of this study is as following: 1. From 176 pieces of relic photos, total of 1380 color chips were extracted. For color analysis, 1368 units (99.1%) of color data excluding achromatic 12 units (0.9%) among 1380 units of colors were used. With the standard of 10 color wheel of Munsell Color System, the result of studying distributions according to frequency, red was the highest by 25.9%, yellow was 21.4% in women's goods in Joseon period which the ratio of red and yellow was 473%. Other than that, GY 14.6%, YR 11.3% and RP 11.1% followed next which is studied that the warm colors that conveys enjoyable and glamorous feelings composed 84.3%; 2. As a result of tone analysis, high value low chroma ltg color showed highest distribution of 20% and d was 12.2%, b was 11.7% and sf was 8.8%. Generally, it showed high frequency in high value cocors such as ltg, sf and b of 40.5%t and in low chroma (ltg) and medium chroma (d, sf) of 41% and colors in bright and calm image was used the most. 3. As a result of analyzing relationship between hue & tone, the ltg tone of Y close to white in traditional color sensibility showed the highest frequency of 9.6% and ltg tone of GY(6.4%), b tone of RP(6.1%), and v(5.4%), b(5.4%), dp(5.3%) of R followed next. 4. As a result of analyzing the characteristics of coloring, it showed that in case of coloring contrasting hues, it is adjusted similar tones and in case of coloring less contrasting hue, the difference in tone is adjusted to be rather large to make harmonized coloring. Moreover, in case of coloring similar hues, the ratio of using same tone and similar tone was large which the coloring of calm image and dynamic image is all used.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

No matter how small amount of heavy metals it may be cause skin allergies through percutaneous adsorption when existing in cosmetic products as impurities. In order to develop a highly sensitive method for simultaneous determination of $Pb^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Ni^{2+},\;Zn^{2+},\;Co^{2+},\;Cd^{2+},\;and\;Mn^{2+}$ in coloring agents and cosmetic products with rapidity and accuracy, we carried out the determination on ion chromatography. All of these metals are well separated through a bifunctional ion-exchange column(IonPac CS5A) and detected by post-column reaction and spectrophotometric detection. The calibration graphs are linear($r^2>0.999$) in the range $0.1{\sim}1000{\mu}g/mL$. Detection limits for 200 ${\mu}L$ of sample solution are at the level of ${\mu}g/L$, which is sufficient for judging whether the product is safe or not. The relative standard deviations(RSDs) of the retention time and the peak area are less than 0.21 and 1.24%, respectively. The recovery rates are $97{\sim}104%$. The new method was applied to analyze the amount of heavy metals which were contained in 22 cosmetic products and 11 coloring agents.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2007

The subject of study concerns the color characteristics of clothing/accessories from �Chosun�a nd modern Korea. It particularly focuses on the colors of the �Jeogori? traditional jacket) which represents Korean traditional clothing. Color data were collected from 353 woman�s �Jegori�s from �Chosun�a nd modern Korea and divided into the predominant colors & sub colors, and analyzed with HV/C and PCCS. According to the analysis, the representative the predominant color of 'Chosun Jeogori' for woman is YR, Y and side one is R, YR. The p, dp, sf, ltg colors are frequently found and the freshness of most of them is medium or low which shows a calm-feeling. The p, and ltg tones are often found as a the predominant color and p, dp are also often found as a the side color. In the 'Chosun Jeogori' for woman, the predominant colors and the side colors spread in a similar frequency and most of them have medium or low freshness of the color that shows a calm-feeling. The side color is one of the R colors and it shows characteristics of traditional coloring such as �Jajoo Goreum? Among the �Jeogori�f or modern women, the R, YR, Y, and B colors are often used for the single-color �Jeogori? the Y, GY, N, G colors are for the colorful �Jeogori? The P, lt, and b tons of the color are often used for a single-color �Jeogori�a nd the p, lt, and W are for the colorful �Jeogori? For the colorful �Jeogori? the side color have a high freshness which shows that a strong image was used frequently as the dp, s, dk tons of the color were often used. According to an analysis of the coloring, the predominant color and the side color of �Chosun Jeogori�a re applied to create a harmony of analogy & contrast in one aspect of Moon & Spencer�s view. It is found that the predominant color and the side color are similar or contrasting in one view of the color harmony, except that the traditional the �Jeogori�i s colored by ideological and symbolic meanings. The predominant color and the side color of modern the �Jeogori�a re complementary colors which are applied to the indistinct relationship or contrasting harmony in one aspect of Moon & Spencer�s view of the color harmony. The characteristics of the color as above show that traditional the �Jeogori�r egards the side color as both the harmony of the colors in general and also of symbolic meaning, while modern the �Jeogori�f or woman has a tendency toward a cultural transition and is mixed with new colors focusing more on its the predominant color than on the general harmony and character of ideological & traditional coloring.

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of number of times dipped in coloring liquid and sintering temperature on the flexural strength of zirconia ceramic. In this study, using a zirconia block having improved transparency, specimens with size of $25mm{\times}2mm{\times}1.5mm$ were fabricated. The zirconia ceramic specimens were divided into three groups according to the number of times dipped in coloring liquid by 0, 2 and 4 times, and dyed in the coloring liquid to give color to each specimen. Then, after sintering them at the final temperature of $1,450^{\circ}C$ and $1,600^{\circ}C$, flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine (total 6 group, n=10 for each group). Also, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to observe its microstructure, and the data obtained through the experiment were analyzed with two-way ANOVA. The results of the flexural strength analysis show that the highest value was measured $762.3{\pm}42.3MPa$ in EKL2 group, while the lowest value was $516.4{\pm}77.1MPa$ in EKH4 group. According to the results of the two-way ANOVAs, flexural strength was not related with interaction between sintering temperature and number of times dipped in coloring liquid ($R^2=0.737$). However, there were statistically significant differences in flexural strength depending on sintering temperature (P<0.001). The flexural strength of zirconia ceramics having improved transparency was dependent on sintering temperature. The number of times dipped in the coloring liquid did not affect flexural strength of the zirconia ceramic having improved transparency.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2016

PURPOSE. This study investigated the effect of amount of thickness reduction on color and translucency of dental monolithic zirconia ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One-hundred sixty-five monolithic zirconia specimens ($16.3mm{\times}16.3mm{\times}2.0mm$) were divided into 5 groups (Group I to V) according to the number of A2-coloring liquid applications. Each group was then divided into 11 subgroups by reducing the thickness up to 1.0 mm in 0.1-mm increments (Subgroup 0 to 10, n=3). Colors and spectral distributions were measured according to CIELAB on a reflection spectrophotometer. All measurements were performed on five different areas of each specimen. Color difference (${\Delta}E^*{^_{ab}}$) and translucency parameter (TP) were calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. There were significant differences in CIE $L^*$ between Subgroup 0 and other subgroups in all groups. CIE $a^*$ increased (0.52<$R^2$<0.73), while CIE $b^*$ decreased (0.00<$R^2$<0.74) in all groups with increasing thickness reduction. Perceptible color differences (${\Delta}E^*{^_{ab}}$>3.7) were obtained between Subgroup 0 and other subgroups. TP values generally increased as the thickness reduction increased in all groups ($R^2$>0.89, P<.001). CONCLUSION. Increasing thickness reduction reduces lightness and increases a reddish, bluish appearance, and translucency of monolithic zirconia ceramics.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare with color reproducibility of the coating method and dipping method using a colour liquid. Methods: Two groups of square-shaped specimens ($10mm{\times}10mm$ in diameter, 1.5mm thickness) were prepared for analysis(n=15/group). The CM(Coating Method) group was fabricated as full zirconia specimens with the coating coloring method and Group DM(Dipping Method) was prepared as specimens of 0.7 mm-thick zirconia plate using the dipping coloring method and veneered with 0.8mm-thick porcelain. Color parameters were measured with ShadeEye $NCC^{(R)}$ spectrophotometer and color differences were calculated using the equation ${\Delta}E^*= \{({\Delta}L^*)^2+({\Delta}a^*)^2+({\Delta}b^*)^2\}^{1/2}$. Non-parametric statistical methods, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data. Type one error rate was set at 0.05. Results: Color difference values larger than 7 were observed between specimens with the coating method and the dipping method, which were detectable difference in a clinical setting. Conclusion: Cautious application of the coating coloring method in a clinical setting and further researches to standardize the coating method are needed.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.145-159
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• 2005

In this paper we introduced the concept of perfect folding defined on $E^2$ which equipped by perfect k-coloring of r-monohedral tillings. Then we studied the different cases of perfect foldings of 4-monohedral and 3-monohedral tillings of $E^2$. Also the permutations describe each folding are obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.250-260
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were to classify the contents of shopping orientation of cosmetics, to group women into shopper types of cosmetics, to investigate the differences in cosmetics purchase behavior according to shopper types, and to examine how the cosmetics satisfaction was influenced by cosmetics shopping orientation and demographic variables. Subjects were 479 women in their 20's to 50's in Seoul, Korea. The factors of the shopping orientation of cosmetics derived by factor analysis:'impulsive shopping','conspicuous shopping','rational shopping', and 'independent shopping. Four shopper types were classified by cluster analysis of the 4 factors. The shopper types were the same as the 4 factors. total satisfaction of cosmetics was influenced by independent shopping orientation, age, brand, impulsive shopping orientation, conspicuous shopping orientation, and rational shopping orientation(R2=.217). Satisfaction of basic cosmetics was influenced by conspicuous shopping orientation. independent shopping orientation. age. rational shopping orientation, impulsive shopping orientation, and social class(R2=.407). Satisfaction of coloring cosmetics was influenced by brand, independent shopping orientation, age, and impulsive shopping orientation(R²=.167).